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| // PRIMARY METABOLITES: CELLULAR INFRASTRUCTURE | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Compound | Also Known As | Class (Sub-class) | Botanical Source | Plant Part | Claim Strength | Primary Biological Action |
| MONOSACCHARIDES | ||||||
| D-GlucoseCAS 50-99-7 | Dextrose; Blood Sugar; Corn Sugar | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | Sugar CaneSaccharum officinarum | Stem | High | The fundamental source of fast-acting fuel for the human brain and muscle tissues. |
| D-FructoseCAS 57-48-7 | Levulose; Fruit Sugar | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | AppleMalus domestica | Fruit | Moderate | A natural sweetener that provides energy with a lower immediate insulin spike than glucose alone. |
| D-GalactoseCAS 59-23-4 | Brain Sugar; Cerebrose | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | SoybeanGlycine max | Seed | Moderate | Supports the health of human nerve cells and is a component of healthy cell-to-cell communication. |
| D-MannoseCAS 3458-28-4 | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | Guar BeanCyamopsis tetragonoloba | Seed | High | Widely used to support urinary tract health by preventing harmful bacteria from adhering to the bladder wall. |
| D-XyloseCAS 58-86-6 | Wood Sugar; Birch Sugar | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | Birch TreeBetula spp. | Wood | Moderate | A low-calorie sugar used in wellness products to support healthy gut fermentation. |
| L-ArabinoseCAS 5328-37-0 | Pectin Sugar; Gum Sugar | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | Sugar BeetBeta vulgaris | Root | Moderate | Helps manage blood sugar by inhibiting the enzyme that breaks down sucrose in the small intestine. |
| D-RiboseCAS 50-69-1 | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | All Plants | Every Cell | Moderate | Supports heart health and athletic recovery by helping the body replenish its cellular energy (ATP) reserves. |
| 2-Deoxy-D-riboseCAS 533-67-5 | Deoxyribose; DNA Sugar | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | All Plants | Nucleus | High | The essential sugar found in every human cell that forms the backbone of our entire genetic code (DNA). |
| GlyceraldehydeCAS 56-82-6 | D-Glyceraldehyde; Glyceral | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | SpinachSpinacia oleracea | Chloroplast | Emerging | A metabolic intermediate that researchers study to understand how humans process and convert dietary sugars. |
| DihydroxyacetoneCAS 96-26-4 | DHA; Glycerone | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | SpinachSpinacia oleracea | Chloroplast | Moderate | Studied for its role in cellular metabolism and widely used in topical wellness products for skin-toning. |
| D-ErythroseCAS 583-50-6 | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | Various Plants | Leaves | Emerging | A precursor for essential aromatic amino acids that must be obtained through a plant-rich diet. |
| D-ThreoseCAS 95-43-2 | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | Various Plants | Leaves | Emerging | A rare four-carbon sugar that serves as a biochemical research tool for studying carbohydrate metabolism. |
| D-RibuloseCAS 488-84-6 | D-Erythro-2-pentulose | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | All Plants | Chloroplast | Emerging | A foundational photosynthetic molecule in the plants we eat, enabling them to convert CO₂ into food. |
| D-XyluloseCAS 551-84-8 | D-threo-2-Pentulose | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | Various Plants | Leaves | Emerging | Supports the efficient recycling of carbon through key pentose phosphate metabolic pathways. |
| D-Sedoheptulose | Sedoheptulose | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | StonecropSedum spectabile | Leaves | Emerging | May help regulate human energy metabolism; being studied for potential anti-diabetic properties. |
| Mannoheptulose | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | AvocadoPersea americana | Fruit | Emerging | May help modulate insulin secretion; studied for potential weight management and caloric restriction benefits. |
| D-AlloseCAS 2595-97-3 | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | Protea ShrubProtea rubropilosa | Leaves | Emerging | A rare sugar with documented anti-inflammatory and early-stage anticancer properties in laboratory studies. |
| D-Altrose | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | Rare Varieties | Various | Emerging | A rare sugar used in medical research to develop new antimicrobial treatment strategies. |
| D-Gulose | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | Various Plants | Various | Emerging | A glucose isomer used as a research marker for studying sugar transport mechanisms in human cells. |
| L-Idose | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | Various Plants | Various | Emerging | A trace sugar used to understand the complex fiber structures in dietary plants that promote gut health. |
| D-Talose | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | Various Plants | Various | Emerging | Supports biochemical research into how human cells recognize and bind to different sugar configurations. |
| D-Psicose (Allulose)CAS 551-68-8 | Allulose; D-Allulose; Rare Sugar | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | WheatTriticum aestivum | Grains | Moderate | A low-calorie sweetener that does not raise blood sugar and may help reduce visceral fat accumulation. |
| L-SorboseCAS 87-79-6 | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | Mountain AshSorbus aucuparia | Berries | Emerging | A rare industrial-route precursor used in Vitamin C manufacturing; studied for its own low-glycemic properties. |
| D-TagatoseCAS 87-81-0 | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | Sterculia GumSterculia urens | Exudate | Moderate | A prebiotic sugar that supports healthy weight and dental wellness without promoting tooth decay. |
| L-FucoseCAS 2438-80-4 | 6-Deoxy-L-galactose | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | RockcressArabidopsis thaliana | Cell Wall | Moderate | Essential for human gut epithelial health and supports a strong, balanced innate immune response. |
| L-RhamnoseCAS 3615-41-6 | 6-Deoxy-L-mannose; Isodulcit | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | BuckthornRhamnus spp. | Bark | Moderate | A component of complex dietary fibers that helps maintain a resilient and healthy gut lining. |
| D-Apiose | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | ParsleyPetroselinum crispum | Leaves | Emerging | A rare branched-chain sugar found in plant cell walls; studied for potential anti-inflammatory benefits. |
| L-Aceric Acid | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | SycamoreAcer pseudoplatanus | Cell Wall | Emerging | A unique sugar component of complex dietary fibers; helps support a diverse and healthy gut microbiome. |
| D-Galacturonic AcidCAS 685-73-4 | Pectin Acid; GalA | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | LemonCitrus limon | Peel | Moderate | The primary structural unit of pectin, which binds dietary cholesterol and helps lower blood levels. |
| D-Glucuronic AcidCAS 6556-12-3 | GlcA | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | Gum ArabicAcacia senegal | Sap | Moderate | Aids the body’s natural detoxification processes and supports connective tissue and joint health. |
| Kdo (Octulosonic Acid) | 3-Deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid; KDO | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | All Plants | Cell Wall | Emerging | Used in research to understand how beneficial gut bacteria interact with the human intestinal wall. |
| Dha (Heptulosaric Acid) | 3-Deoxy-D-lyxo-heptulosaric acid | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | MossesPhyscomitrella patens | Cell Wall | Emerging | A trace sugar component that contributes to the structural diversity of dietary plant cell-wall fiber. |
| NUCLEOTIDE SUGARS & PHOSPHORYLATED FORMS | ||||||
| D-Glucose-6-Phosphate | G6P; Glucose-6-phosphate; Robison Ester | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | All Plants | Every Cell | High | A vital metabolic intermediate through which cells convert dietary sugar into the energy used for all life functions. |
| Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphate | F1,6BP; Harden-Young Ester | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | All Plants | Every Cell | High | A high-energy glycolytic intermediate that keeps cellular metabolism running efficiently during physical exercise. |
| UDP-Glucose | Uridine Diphosphoglucose; UDPG | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | All Plants | Every Cell | Moderate | The activated sugar donor form used to build essential glycoproteins that support immune system function. |
| GDP-Mannose | Guanosine Diphosphate Mannose | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | All Plants | Every Cell | Moderate | Fundamental for building cell-surface proteins that help the immune system distinguish self from pathogen. |
| UDP-Galacturonic Acid | UDP-GalA | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | All Plants | Every Cell | Emerging | Studied by researchers to understand how plant fiber structures are built, informing improved fiber supplements. |
| ADP-Glucose | Adenosine Diphosphoglucose | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | All Plants | Plastid | Moderate | The key activated donor for all plant starch biosynthesis; determines whether a food acts as a fast or slow carb. |
| Quinovose | 6-Deoxyglucose | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | All Higher Plants | Chloroplast | Emerging | A crucial component of plant chloroplast membrane lipids that help maintain healthy human cell membrane fluidity. |
| AMINO SUGARS | ||||||
| GlucosamineCAS 3416-24-8 | 2-Amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose; GlcN; Chitosamine | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | Neem TreeAzadirachta indica | Sap | High | One of the most extensively validated supplements for protecting joint cartilage and reducing arthritis-related pain. |
| GalactosamineCAS 7535-00-4 | 2-Amino-2-deoxy-D-galactose; GalN; Chondrosamine | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | Various Plants | Various | Moderate | Supports the structural health of joints, tendons, and heart valves as a key amino sugar building unit. |
| Mannosamine | 2-Amino-2-deoxy-D-mannose; ManN | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | Various Plants | Various | Emerging | Used in research to develop new treatments for rare metabolic and immune-related disorders. |
| Rhamnosamine | 2-Amino-2-deoxy-L-rhamnose | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | Various Plants | Various | Emerging | A rare amino sugar studied for its role in healthy signaling of human intestinal epithelial cells. |
| Quinovosamine | 2-Amino-2-deoxy-D-quinovose | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | Various Plants | Various | Emerging | Serves as a biochemical marker in laboratory tests for detecting and monitoring healthy cellular development. |
| DEOXYGENATED SUGARS | ||||||
| Abequose | 3,6-Dideoxy-D-galactose | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | Rare Varieties | Various | Emerging | Studied for its ability to help beneficial gut bacteria identify and colonize the human intestinal environment. |
| Tyvelose | 3,6-Dideoxy-D-arabino-hexose | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | Various Plants | Various | Emerging | A specialized surface sugar used to understand how the immune system recognizes and combats parasites. |
| Ascarylose | 3,6-Dideoxy-L-arabino-hexose | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | Various Plants | Various | Emerging | A trace sugar from rare plants used to study how human cells adapt to different environmental stresses. |
| Olivose | 2,6-Dideoxy-D-arabino-hexose | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | Various Plants | Various | Emerging | Found in natural plant antibiotics that protect against harmful bacterial overgrowth in the human body. |
| Amicetose | 2,3,6-Trideoxy-D-mannose | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | Various Plants | Various | Emerging | Contributes to the diversity of plant-derived deoxy sugars that support cellular defense mechanisms. |
| DISACCHARIDES | ||||||
| SucroseCAS 57-50-1 | Table Sugar; Cane Sugar; Beet Sugar | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Disaccharide) | Sugar BeetBeta vulgaris | Root | High | A dual-energy source (glucose + fructose) that should be consumed in moderation to support metabolic health. |
| MaltoseCAS 69-79-4 | Malt Sugar; Maltobiose | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Disaccharide) | BarleyHordeum vulgare | Grains | High | Provides a readily digestible, steady energy supply that supports physical activity and endurance. |
| TrehaloseCAS 99-20-7 | Mycose; Tremalose; Mushroom Sugar | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Disaccharide) | Resurrection PlantSelaginella lepidophylla | Whole Plant | Moderate | Protects human cells from dehydration and oxidative stress; studied for neuroprotective and anti-aging benefits. |
| CellobioseCAS 528-50-7 | 4-O-β-D-Glucopyranosyl-D-glucose | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Disaccharide) | CottonGossypium hirsutum | Fiber | Moderate | Acts as insoluble dietary roughage that helps maintain regularity and supports healthy colon function. |
| GentiobioseCAS 554-91-6 | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Disaccharide) | GentianGentiana lutea | Root | Moderate | Found in bitter digestive tonics that stimulate healthy bile flow, enzyme secretion, and appetite. |
| Turanose | 3-O-α-D-Glucopyranosyl-D-fructose | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Disaccharide) | Various Nectars | Flowers | Emerging | A low-glycemic nectar disaccharide that provides a slower, more sustained energy release than table sugar. |
| Isomaltose | 6-O-α-D-Glucopyranosyl-D-glucose | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Disaccharide) | CornZea mays | Grains | Moderate | A branched-chain disaccharide produced during slow starch digestion; supports a more balanced blood sugar response. |
| IsomaltuloseCAS 13718-94-0 | Palatinose | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Disaccharide) | Sugar CaneSaccharum officinarum | Sap | High | A tooth-friendly sugar that releases energy slowly over several hours, avoiding the typical blood sugar spike. |
| SophoroseCAS 6035-43-4 | 2-O-β-D-Glucopyranosyl-D-glucose | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Disaccharide) | Sophora TreeStyphnolobium japonicum | Fruit | Emerging | Studied for its potential to boost the effectiveness of specific immune-supporting bioactive plant compounds. |
| Laminaribiose | 3-O-β-D-Glucopyranosyl-D-glucose | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Disaccharide) | BarleyHordeum vulgare | Grains | Moderate | Formed during the enzymatic breakdown of heart-healthy cereal β-glucan fiber; supports gut microflora. |
| Kojibiose | 2-O-α-D-Glucopyranosyl-D-glucose | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Disaccharide) | CloverTrifolium spp. | Nectar | Emerging | A rare prebiotic disaccharide found in certain honeys; supports healthy gut microbial balance. |
| Nigerose | 3-O-α-D-Glucopyranosyl-D-glucose | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Disaccharide) | BuckwheatFagopyrum esculentum | Seed | Emerging | Contributes to the immune-modulating properties found in certain traditional fermented plant-based foods. |
| MelibioseCAS 585-99-9 | 6-O-α-D-Galactopyranosyl-D-glucose | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Disaccharide) | SoybeansGlycine max | Seed | Moderate | A prebiotic disaccharide that helps increase the population of beneficial bifidobacteria in the colon. |
| Rutinose | 6-O-α-L-Rhamnosyl-D-glucose | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Disaccharide) | BuckwheatFagopyrum esculentum | Leaves | Moderate | The sugar carrier of rutin and related antioxidants that protect blood vessels and support circulation. |
| Neohesperidose | 2-O-α-L-Rhamnosyl-D-glucose | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Disaccharide) | Bitter OrangeCitrus aurantium | Fruit Peel | Moderate | Contributes to the digestion-stimulating and appetite-regulating effects of bitter citrus peel extracts. |
| Vicianose | 6-O-α-L-Arabinosyl-D-glucose | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Disaccharide) | VetchVicia spp. | Seeds | Emerging | Found in legumes as the sugar carrier for plant glycoside compounds; contributes to mild antioxidant activity. |
| Primeverose | 6-O-β-D-Xylopyranosyl-D-glucose | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Disaccharide) | PrimrosePrimula spp. | Roots | Emerging | Provides the sugar carrier for aromatic plant aglycones widely used in herbal wellness and aromatherapy. |
| Robinobiose | 6-O-α-L-Rhamnosyl-D-galactose | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Disaccharide) | Locust TreeRobinia pseudoacacia | Flowers | Emerging | A specialized carrier sugar that transports health-relevant plant flavonoid compounds into the body. |
| Scillabiose | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Disaccharide) | SquillDrimia maritima | Bulb | Emerging | Historically used in heart-related wellness preparations to support healthy circulatory function. |
| Strophanthobiose | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Disaccharide) | StrophanthusStrophanthus spp. | Seeds | Emerging | A carrier disaccharide studied for its role in delivering heart-active cardiotonic glycoside compounds. |
| Inulobiose | — | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Disaccharide) | ChicoryCichorium intybus | Root | Moderate | The repeating β(2→1) fructose-fructose unit of prebiotic inulin; essential marker for dietary fiber quality. |
| Levanobiose | — | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Disaccharide) | Timothy GrassPhleum pratense | Leaves | Moderate | A β(2→6)-linked fructose disaccharide; the structural unit of levan fiber with prebiotic and heart-healthy properties. |
| OLIGOSACCHARIDES | ||||||
| RaffinoseCAS 512-69-6 | Melitose; Gossypose | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Oligosaccharide) | PeaPisum sativum | Seed | Moderate | A common prebiotic that selectively feeds beneficial gut microbes; may cause gas in sensitive individuals. |
| StachyoseCAS 470-55-3 | Lupeose | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Oligosaccharide) | SoybeansGlycine max | Seed | Moderate | Fuels beneficial bacteria in the colon, supporting digestive immunity and a balanced gut microbiome. |
| Verbascose | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Oligosaccharide) | MulleinVerbascum spp. | Seed | Moderate | A prebiotic pentasaccharide found in legumes and grains that supports a diverse and healthy gut environment. |
| Ajugose | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Oligosaccharide) | BugleweedAjuga reptans | Leaves | Emerging | A five-unit fructooligosaccharide being studied for its long-term prebiotic benefits to lower colon health. |
| Umbelliferose | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Oligosaccharide) | CarrotDaucus carota | Root | Emerging | Unique to the Apiaceae (carrot) family; contributes to the prebiotic activity of root vegetable fibers. |
| Ciceritol | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Oligosaccharide) | ChickpeaCicer arietinum | Seed | Moderate | Improves digestive health by selectively promoting the growth of beneficial Bifidobacteria in the intestine. |
| 1-Kestose | GF2; 1F-Fructosylsucrose | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Oligosaccharide) | OnionAllium cepa | Bulb | Moderate | A short-chain FOS highly effective at reducing gut inflammation and reinforcing the intestinal barrier function. |
| Nystose | GF3; Fructosylkestose | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Oligosaccharide) | AsparagusAsparagus officinalis | Spear | Moderate | Supports metabolic wellness and has been shown to improve intestinal absorption of calcium from food. |
| Fructofuranosylnystose | GF4; Fructooligosaccharide DP4 | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Oligosaccharide) | GarlicAllium sativum | Bulb | Moderate | Enhances immune function by selectively supporting the growth of beneficial bifidobacteria and lactobacilli. |
| Melezitose | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Oligosaccharide) | LarchLarix occidentalis | Sap | Moderate | A three-unit sugar found in honeydew honey; provides a steady energy release with a low insulin response. |
| Planteose | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Oligosaccharide) | PlantainPlantago spp. | Seed | Moderate | Found in Plantago seeds; contributes to the mucilaginous, digestion-soothing properties of the whole seed. |
| Erlose | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Oligosaccharide) | Various Plants | Nectar | Emerging | A minor trisaccharide component of raw honey and nectar; contributes to its overall nutritional energy profile. |
| MaltotrioseCAS 1109-28-0 | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Oligosaccharide) | RiceOryza sativa | Grains | Moderate | A three-unit glucose chain released during starch digestion; provides a source of sustained physical energy. |
| Panose | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Oligosaccharide) | CornZea mays | Grains | Moderate | A branched glucose trisaccharide from slow-digesting starches; helps maintain balanced blood sugar after meals. |
| Maltotetraose | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Oligosaccharide) | CornZea mays | Grains | Moderate | Used in clinical nutrition to provide sustained, controlled energy delivery for patients with metabolic needs. |
| Galactotetraose | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Oligosaccharide) | SoybeanGlycine max | Seed | Moderate | A complex prebiotic oligosaccharide that helps protect the gut mucosa from inflammatory insult. |
| Verbascotetraose | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Oligosaccharide) | MulleinVerbascum spp. | Seed | Emerging | A four-unit oligosaccharide that helps moderate the enzymatic digestion rate of dietary starches. |
| Lychnose | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Oligosaccharide) | CampionSilene spp. | Roots | Emerging | A rare tetrasaccharide with prebiotic potential; studied for its benefits to lower digestive tract health. |
| Isolychnose | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Oligosaccharide) | LychnisLychnis spp. | Roots | Emerging | Acts as a specialized plant fiber to help improve the frequency and comfort of healthy digestion. |
| Isomaltotriose | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Oligosaccharide) | CornZea mays | Grains | Moderate | Slows glucose absorption from branched starches, helping to keep post-meal insulin levels stable. |
| Neokestose | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Oligosaccharide) | OnionAllium cepa | Bulb | Moderate | A high-potency prebiotic shown to help lower blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels. |
| Maltopentaose | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Oligosaccharide) | CornZea mays | Grains | Moderate | A five-unit glucose chain used in clinical nutrition for controlled energy release in metabolic conditions. |
| Maltohexaose | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Oligosaccharide) | CornZea mays | Grains | Moderate | Supports long-term glycogen energy stores in the body during periods of sustained physical activity. |
| Maltoheptaose | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Oligosaccharide) | CornZea mays | Grains | Moderate | A seven-unit glucose chain allowing controlled release of glucose into the bloodstream over several hours. |
| Gentianose | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Oligosaccharide) | GentianGentiana lutea | Root | Moderate | Provides the signature bitter prebiotic activity that supports healthy digestive flow and enzyme secretion. |
| Mannotriose | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Oligosaccharide) | Ivory Nut PalmPhytelephas spp. | Seed | Emerging | A slow-digesting mannose trisaccharide that supports a steady and healthy metabolic energy rate. |
| Xylotriose | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Oligosaccharide) | WheatTriticum aestivum | Stem | Emerging | A xylose-derived oligosaccharide contributing to insoluble roughage that supports a healthy, clean colon. |
| Arabinotriose | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Oligosaccharide) | All Plants | Cell Wall | Emerging | A cell-wall fiber breakdown product that helps soften the stool and ease digestive transit. |
| Cellotriose | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Oligosaccharide) | CottonGossypium hirsutum | Fiber | Emerging | A cellulose-derived roughage oligosaccharide that helps manage inflammation in the lower gut. |
| SUGAR ALCOHOLS (POLYOLS) | ||||||
| MannitolCAS 69-65-8 | Mannite; Manna Sugar; E421 | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Sugar Alcohol) | Olive TreeOlea europaea | Leaves | High | A powerful osmotic agent and antioxidant that can cross the blood-brain barrier to protect the nervous system. |
| SorbitolCAS 50-70-4 | Glucitol; D-Sorbitol; E420 | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Sugar Alcohol) | AppleMalus domestica | Fruit | High | A natural sugar substitute and osmotic laxative used in diabetic-friendly products to support regularity. |
| XylitolCAS 87-99-0 | Birch Sugar; E967 | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Sugar Alcohol) | Birch TreeBetula spp. | Bark | High | Clinically proven to prevent tooth decay and inhibit the bacteria responsible for ear infections. |
| ErythritolCAS 149-32-6 | Meso-erythritol; E968 | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Sugar Alcohol) | StrawberryFragaria spp. | Fruit | High | A nearly zero-calorie sweetener that protects against dental cavities and is exceptionally well-tolerated by the gut. |
| GalactitolCAS 608-66-2 | Dulcitol | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Sugar Alcohol) | Spindle TreeEuonymus spp. | Leaves | Emerging | Studied for its potential to help regulate osmotic water balance in human cells under metabolic stress. |
| Myo-inositolCAS 87-89-8 | Inositol; Vitamin B8 (unofficial); Cyclohexanehexol | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Sugar Alcohol) | All Plants | Every Cell | High | Vital for women’s reproductive health and hormonal balance; well-validated for improving mood and insulin sensitivity. |
| Volemitol | D-β-Sedoheptitol | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Sugar Alcohol) | CowslipPrimula veris | Root | Emerging | A specialized seven-carbon polyol that provides low-calorie energy support for a healthy metabolism. |
| Persitol | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Sugar Alcohol) | AvocadoPersea americana | Fruit | Emerging | A rare polyol contributing to the heart-healthy nutritional profile of avocados; may support satiety signals. |
| RibitolCAS 488-81-3 | Adonitol | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Sugar Alcohol) | Pheasant’s EyeAdonis spp. | Whole Plant | Moderate | A critical structural molecule the body uses in the synthesis of Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) for cellular energy. |
| Arabitol | Arabinitol | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Sugar Alcohol) | Lichens / Algae | Whole Body | Emerging | Assists in the healthy fermentation of dietary plant fibers by bacteria in the lower digestive tract. |
| Threitol | L-Threitol | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Sugar Alcohol) | Various Plants | Leaves | Emerging | Functions as a natural antioxidant that helps neutralize harmful free radicals within the body. |
| D-Bornesitol | 1-O-Methyl-D-myo-inositol | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Sugar Alcohol) | LitchiLitchi chinensis | Leaves | Emerging | A methylated inositol that improves cellular glucose uptake, helping to lower blood sugar naturally. |
| D-Ononitol | 4-O-Methyl-D-myo-inositol | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Sugar Alcohol) | Pigeon PeaCajanus cajan | Leaves | Emerging | Supports cellular health during physical stress and helps maintain osmotic water balance in the body. |
| Sequoyitol | 5-O-Methyl-myo-inositol | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Sugar Alcohol) | RedwoodSequoia sempervirens | Heartwood | Emerging | Provides metabolic support and has been investigated for potential anti-diabetic and antioxidant activity. |
| D-PinitolCAS 525-01-9 | 3-O-Methyl-D-chiro-inositol; Pinitol | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Sugar Alcohol) | Carob TreeCeratonia siliqua | Leaves | Moderate | A powerful insulin-sensitizing compound that helps the human body manage blood glucose more efficiently. |
| Pinpollitol | 3-O-Methyl-D-pinitol | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Sugar Alcohol) | Pine TreePinus spp. | Sap | Emerging | Studied for systemic water balance management and potential support for metabolic kidney function. |
| QuebrachitolCAS 480-40-0 | 2-O-Methyl-L-chiro-inositol | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Sugar Alcohol) | Rubber TreeHevea brasiliensis | Latex | Emerging | Studied as a health-promoting agent for managing metabolic conditions, with potential gut-supportive properties. |
| D-Glucosaminitol | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Sugar Alcohol) | Various Plants | Various | Emerging | A reduced amino sugar studied for its ability to send healing signals through connective tissues. |
| D-Rhamnitol | L-Rhamnitol | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Sugar Alcohol) | Various Plants | Various | Emerging | Used in wellness research to study healthy cellular water distribution and protection from dehydration. |
| L-Fucitol | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Sugar Alcohol) | Various Plants | Various | Emerging | Assists the body in maintaining its natural antioxidant shield under conditions of physical and oxidative stress. |
| D-Galactosaminitol | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Sugar Alcohol) | Various Plants | Various | Emerging | A vital biochemical intermediate helping scientists understand how the body synthesizes brain-healthy lipids. |
| STARCHES (POLYSACCHARIDES) | ||||||
| AmyloseCAS 9005-82-7 | — | Carbohydrates (Starch / Polysaccharide) | RiceOryza sativa | Grains | Moderate | A linear ‘slow carb’ that digests gradually, providing stable blood energy and promoting prolonged satiety. |
| AmylopectinCAS 9037-22-3 | — | Carbohydrates (Starch / Polysaccharide) | PotatoSolanum tuberosum | Tuber | Moderate | Provides rapidly available, highly branched glucose chains for quick muscle energy recovery after exertion. |
| FIBER POLYSACCHARIDES — PLANT | ||||||
| InulinCAS 9005-80-5 | Chicory Fiber; Fructan; Alant Starch | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | ChicoryCichorium intybus | Root | High | Improves bone mineral density by enhancing calcium absorption; lowers blood triglycerides and feeds beneficial gut flora. |
| LevanCAS 9013-95-0 | Bacterial Fructan (class) | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | GrassesPoaceae | Stems | Moderate | A β(2→6)-linked fructan fiber that helps reduce blood cholesterol and supports immune system modulation. |
| CelluloseCAS 9004-34-6 | Microcrystalline Cellulose (MCC); E460 | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | CottonGossypium hirsutum | Seed Fiber | High | Provides essential bulk to the diet, promoting regularity and reducing the risk of colorectal complications. |
| XyloglucanCAS 37294-28-3 | Tamarind Seed Polysaccharide (TSP) | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | TamarindTamarindus indica | Seed | Moderate | Used in research to protect stomach and intestinal mucosal linings and to support skin barrier function. |
| ArabinoxylanCAS 68911-25-1 | AXOS (oligomeric form) | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | WheatTriticum aestivum | Bran | Moderate | Significantly lowers postprandial blood sugar response and promotes the selective growth of healthy gut bacteria. |
| GlucomannanCAS 37220-17-0 | Konjac Fiber; KGM; Konjac Glucomannan | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | KonjacAmorphophallus konjac | Tuber | High | A clinically validated super-fiber that promotes significant weight management by inducing prolonged satiety. |
| GalactomannanCAS 11078-30-1 | (Source-specific, e.g. Guar Galactomannan) | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Guar BeanCyamopsis tetragonoloba | Seed | High | Clinically shown to lower LDL cholesterol and slow the intestinal absorption of dietary sugars. |
| Glucuronoxylan | — | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Birch TreeBetula spp. | Wood | Moderate | A hardwood hemicellulose fiber that supports the selective growth of healthy bacteria in the large intestine. |
| Galactoglucomannan | — | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Pine TreePinus spp. | Wood | Moderate | Studied for its ability to modulate immune function and support overall gut microbial balance. |
| Mixed-linkage Beta-glucanCAS 9041-22-9 | Oat Beta-Glucan; Cereal Beta-Glucan; (1→3),(1→4)-β-D-glucan | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | OatsAvena sativa | Grains | High | Carries an FDA Qualified Health Claim for reducing LDL cholesterol and lowering the risk of heart disease. |
| Homogalacturonan | Pectin backbone; HGA | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | AppleMalus domestica | Fruit | Moderate | The primary pectin domain that binds dietary cholesterol and environmental heavy metals for elimination. |
| Rhamnogalacturonan I | RG-I | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | CarrotDaucus carota | Root | Moderate | Boosts the body’s natural defense against seasonal viruses and supports a resilient intestinal barrier. |
| Rhamnogalacturonan II | RG-II | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Wine GrapesVitis vinifera | Fruit | Moderate | A highly complex pectin domain that helps maintain the structural integrity of the human intestinal wall. |
| Xylogalacturonan | XGA | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | PeaPisum sativum | Pod | Moderate | A pectin sub-domain that supports long-term digestive regularity and prevents postprandial insulin spikes. |
| Apiogalacturonan | — | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | DuckweedLemna minor | Whole Plant | Emerging | A specialized pectin-domain fiber that promotes a diverse and healthy population of gut bacteria. |
| Arabinan | — | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Sugar BeetBeta vulgaris | Root | Moderate | A branched arabinose-rich fiber that acts as a gentle prebiotic, improving stool consistency and digestive ease. |
| Galactan | — | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | PotatoSolanum tuberosum | Tuber | Moderate | Supports the renewal and structural integrity of the protective mucus layer in the stomach and intestines. |
| Arabinogalactan | AG; Larch Arabinogalactan | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Larch TreeLarix occidentalis | Wood | Moderate | Significantly increases beneficial gut bacteria counts and supports immune function via multiple human trials. |
| Gum ArabicCAS 9000-01-5 | Acacia Gum; E414 | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Acacia TreeAcacia senegal | Sap | Moderate | Reduces systemic inflammation and promotes satiety, aiding in healthy weight management and gut balance. |
| Gum TragacanthCAS 9000-65-1 | E413 | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | AstragalusAstragalus brachycalyx | Sap | Moderate | A traditional soothing remedy for digestive irritation; used as a prebiotic and to support skin health. |
| Gum KarayaCAS 9000-36-6 | Sterculia Gum; E416 | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Sterculia TreeSterculia urens | Sap | Moderate | A natural bulk-forming laxative that is gentle and consistently effective for managing digestive health. |
| Gum GhattiCAS 9000-28-6 | E419 | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | AxlewoodAnogeissus latifolia | Sap | Moderate | Supports the controlled release of nutrients in the gut, ensuring a steady and comfortable energy absorption. |
| Albizia Gum | — | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | AlbiziaAlbizia zygia | Sap | Emerging | Used in wellness products to support healthy gut microflora populations and promote smooth, comfortable digestion. |
| Khaya Gum | African Mahogany Gum | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | MahoganyKhaya grandifoliola | Sap | Emerging | A prebiotic exudate gum that helps maintain a healthy balance of bacteria in the human colon. |
| Neem Gum | — | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Neem TreeAzadirachta indica | Sap | Moderate | Possesses natural gastroprotective properties that help shield the stomach mucosa from ulcers and irritation. |
| Cashew Gum | — | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Cashew TreeAnacardium occidentale | Sap | Moderate | Provides a protective coating for the digestive tract and has documented immunostimulatory properties. |
| Almond Gum | — | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Almond TreePrunus dulcis | Sap | Moderate | Traditionally used to soothe dry coughs and sore throats when used in herbal wellness infusions. |
| Okra Mucilage | — | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | OkraAbelmoschus esculentus | Fruit Pod | Moderate | Binds to dietary toxins and cholesterol in the gut, helping to reduce their absorption into the bloodstream. |
| Psyllium MucilageCAS 9067-32-7 | Ispaghula; Psyllium Husk Fiber; Plantago Fiber | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | PlantagoPlantago ovata | Seed Husk | High | One of the most clinically validated fibers for reducing LDL cholesterol and supporting long-term digestive regularity. |
| Flaxseed Mucilage | Linseed Mucilage; Flaxseed Fiber | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | FlaxLinum usitatissimum | Seed Coat | Moderate | Clinical evidence supports its role in reducing blood pressure and inflammation while supporting hormonal balance. |
| Chia Mucilage | Chia Seed Fiber; Chia Gel | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | ChiaSalvia hispanica | Seed | Moderate | Promotes hydration and stable blood sugar by forming a gel that slows carbohydrate digestion and absorption. |
| Tamarind Seed Polysaccharide | TSP; Tamarind Xyloglucan | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | TamarindTamarindus indica | Seed | Moderate | Supports immune function; used in clinical ophthalmic research to protect and hydrate eye surface tissues. |
| Locust Bean GumCAS 9000-40-6 | Carob Gum; LBG; E410 | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Carob TreeCeratonia siliqua | Seed | High | Clinically used to manage infant reflux and shown to support healthy postprandial blood sugar in adults. |
| Guar GumCAS 9000-30-0 | Guar; Jaguar Gum; E412 | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | GuarCyamopsis tetragonoloba | Seed | High | Clinically validated for treating irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and improving overall gut motility. |
| Tara Gum | E417 | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Tara TreeCaesalpinia spinosa | Seed | Moderate | A gentle, well-tolerated galactomannan fiber that supports regularity and promotes a feeling of fullness. |
| Slippery Elm Mucilage | — | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Slippery ElmUlmus rubra | Inner Bark | Moderate | Creates a soothing, protective coating in the human throat and stomach, effectively easing acid reflux discomfort. |
| Aloe Vera Gel (Acemannan) | Acemannan; Aloe Polysaccharide | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | AloeAloe vera | Leaves | Moderate | Well-supported for internal gut healing and repair and external skin hydration and wound recovery. |
| Marshmallow Mucilage | Althaea Mucilage | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Marsh MallowAlthaea officinalis | Root | Moderate | Highly effective for soothing irritated mucosal linings in both the respiratory and digestive systems. |
| Cactus Mucilage | Nopal Fiber; Prickly Pear Polysaccharide | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Prickly PearOpuntia ficus-indica | Stem Pad | Moderate | Helps lower blood sugar and blood cholesterol while providing deep hydration to body tissues. |
| Fenugreek Mucilage | Fenugreek Fiber; Trigonella Galactomannan | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | FenugreekTrigonella foenum-graecum | Seed | Moderate | Commonly used to improve insulin sensitivity; well-supported for healthy breast milk production in nursing mothers. |
| Quince Mucilage | Quince Seed Polysaccharide | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | QuinceCydonia oblonga | Seed | Moderate | Possesses natural antibacterial properties that help maintain the health of the mouth and digestive tract. |
| Mullein Mucilage | — | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | MulleinVerbascum spp. | Leaves | Moderate | Supports lung health by helping to loosen and clear mucus while soothing the respiratory mucous membrane. |
| Licorice Mucilage | Licorice Root Polysaccharide | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | LicoriceGlycyrrhiza glabra | Root | Moderate | Well-documented for helping heal stomach ulcers and providing a soothing effect on the digestive system. |
| Malabar Spinach Mucilage | Basella Mucilage | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Malabar SpinachBasella alba | Leaves | Moderate | A cooling wellness food that supports gentle detoxification and helps naturally reduce body heat. |
| Jute Mucilage | Corchorus Mucilage | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | JuteCorchorus spp. | Leaves | Moderate | Rich in antioxidant polysaccharides and dietary fibers that support healthy skin and overall digestion. |
| Nagaimo Mucilage | Chinese Yam Mucilage; Yamaimo | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Chinese YamDioscorea polystachya | Tuber | Moderate | A traditional wellness food widely used to boost kidney health and support physical stamina and vitality. |
| Sundew Mucilage | — | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | SundewDrosera spp. | Leaves | Emerging | Studied for its potential to act as a natural anti-inflammatory for muscle and joint discomfort. |
| Butterwort Mucilage | — | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | ButterwortPinguicula spp. | Leaves | Emerging | A rare biological adhesive used in research to understand how polysaccharides can address microbial infections. |
| Callose | (1→3)-β-D-Glucan (plant) | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | All Higher Plants | Phloem | Emerging | A structural β-glucan that researchers use to study how the human body initiates and manages wound healing. |
| Xylinan | Xylan (hardwood form) | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Hardwood Trees | Heartwood | Moderate | Provides extremely tough insoluble dietary roughage that helps sweep the colon clean of metabolic waste. |
| FIBER POLYSACCHARIDES — MARINE & ALGAL | ||||||
| Paramylon | (1→3)-β-D-Glucan (Euglena) | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | EuglenaEuglena gracilis | Whole Cell | Emerging | A unique microalgal beta-glucan being studied for its ability to significantly enhance the human immune response. |
| Laminarin | (1→3),(1→6)-β-D-Glucan (marine) | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Brown AlgaeLaminaria spp. | Whole Body | Moderate | An algal fiber shown to help lower blood pressure and support overall cardiovascular system health. |
| Alginic AcidCAS 9005-32-7 | Alginate; Algin; E400 | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | KelpMacrocystis pyrifera | Cell Wall | Moderate | Used clinically to treat acid reflux by forming a viscous raft that physically prevents stomach acid from rising. |
| CarrageenanCAS 9000-07-1 | Irish Moss Extract; E407 | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Irish MossChondrus crispus | Cell Wall | Moderate | A sulfated seaweed polysaccharide gel that can support digestive health when consumed in food-grade form. |
| AgarCAS 9002-18-0 | Agar-agar; Kanten; E406 | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Red SeaweedGelidium spp. | Cell Wall | Moderate | A calorie-free gelling fiber that promotes satiety and aids weight management by increasing food volume. |
| FucoidanCAS 9072-19-9 | Sulfated Fucose Polymer; Brown Algae Extract | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | BladderwrackFucus vesiculosus | Surface | Moderate | A well-studied marine polysaccharide with documented antiviral, anticoagulant, and early-stage anticancer properties. |
| Ulvan | — | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Sea LettuceUlva lactuca | Cell Wall | Emerging | Supports human detoxification pathways and helps maintain a healthy immune balance in the gut. |
| Porphyran | — | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | NoriPorphyra spp. | Cell Wall | Emerging | Studied for its ability to improve fat metabolism and protect the liver from oxidative damage. |
| Lichenan | Mixed-linkage β-glucan (lichen) | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Iceland MossCetraria islandica | Thallus | Moderate | A traditional respiratory soother; provides slow-release energy and supports the body’s mucosal defenses. |
| Pustulan | (1→6)-β-D-Glucan (lichen) | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Rock TripeLasallia pustulata | Thallus | Emerging | Used as a molecular research tool to investigate new ways to boost human intestinal immunity. |
| FIBER POLYSACCHARIDES — FUNGAL | ||||||
| ChitinCAS 1398-61-4 | Poly-GlcNAc; Fungal Fiber | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | MushroomsAgaricus bisporus | Cell Wall | Moderate | Provides structural roughage that aids in healthy weight management and promotes colon health. |
| LentinanCAS 37339-90-5 | Shiitake Beta-Glucan; LNT | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | ShiitakeLentinula edodes | Fruit Body | Moderate | A clinically used immunostimulant (approved in Japan) that helps the body defend against tumors and viral infections. |
| Schizophyllan | Sonifilan; SPG; SIZOFIRAN | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Splitgill MushroomSchizophyllum commune | Mycelium | Moderate | Investigated for its ability to stimulate production of infection-fighting white blood cells via NK cell activation. |
| Scleroglucan | — | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Soil FungiSclerotium spp. | Mycelium | Emerging | Used in wellness products to provide sustained skin hydration and topical barrier support. |
| PullulanCAS 9057-02-7 | E1204 | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | FungiAureobasidium pullulans | Surface | Moderate | A food-grade biopolymer used in dissolvable wellness films and capsules; safe and easily digested. |
| FATTY ACIDS — SATURATED | ||||||
| Lauric AcidCAS 143-07-7 | Dodecanoic acid; C12:0 | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Saturated) | Coconut PalmCocos nucifera | Endosperm | Moderate | A medium-chain saturated fatty acid that is rapidly metabolised for energy; may support healthy immune function. |
| Myristic AcidCAS 544-63-8 | Tetradecanoic acid; C14:0 | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Saturated) | NutmegMyristica fragrans | Seed | Moderate | Plays a structural role in anchoring proteins to cell membranes and may contribute to healthy cellular signalling. |
| Palmitic AcidCAS 57-10-3 | Hexadecanoic acid; C16:0 | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Saturated) | Palm TreeElaeis guineensis | Fruit Mesocarp | High | A foundational saturated fatty acid that serves as a key energy substrate and essential structural component of human cell membranes. |
| Stearic AcidCAS 57-11-4 | Octadecanoic acid; C18:0 | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Saturated) | Cocoa TreeTheobroma cacao | Seed (Bean) | High | A stable saturated fatty acid providing sustained energy; appears to have a more neutral effect on blood cholesterol than shorter-chain saturated fats. |
| Arachidic AcidCAS 506-30-9 | Eicosanoic acid; C20:0 | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Saturated) | PeanutArachis hypogaea | Seed | Emerging | A minor long-chain saturated fatty acid that may contribute to long-term energy storage and structural cell membrane integrity. |
| Behenic AcidCAS 112-85-6 | Docosanoic acid; C22:0 | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Saturated) | MoringaMoringa oleifera | Seed | Moderate | Widely used in topical formulations for emollient properties; may support skin smoothness and moisture retention. |
| Lignoceric AcidCAS 557-59-5 | Tetracosanoic acid; C24:0 | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Saturated) | PeanutArachis hypogaea | Seed | Moderate | A very long-chain fatty acid that forms part of the brain's myelin sheath structure, supporting nerve insulation and integrity. |
| FATTY ACIDS — MONOUNSATURATED | ||||||
| Palmitoleic AcidCAS 373-49-9 | C16:1 n-7; Omega-7 | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Monounsaturated) | MacadamiaMacadamia integrifolia | Nut | Moderate | May support metabolic health and help maintain mucosal lining hydration; studied for potential lipid-management benefits. |
| Petroselinic AcidCAS 593-39-5 | C18:1 (6Z); Delta-6-octadecenoic acid | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Monounsaturated) | ParsleyPetroselinum crispum | Seed | Emerging | May contribute to skin health and localised inflammation modulation; studied for cosmetic and topical wellness applications. |
| Oleic AcidCAS 112-80-1 | Octadecenoic acid; C18:1 n-9; Omega-9 | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Monounsaturated) | Olive TreeOlea europaea | Fruit | High | A well-documented heart-supportive fatty acid; consistently associated with healthy arterial function and favourable lipid profiles as part of a balanced diet. |
| Gadoleic Acid | C20:1 n-9; Eicosenoic acid | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Monounsaturated) | RapeseedBrassica napus | Seed | Emerging | Contributes to fatty acid diversity in cell membranes; studied for its minor role in lipid metabolism and chain elongation. |
| Gondoic Acid | C20:1 n-11; Eicosenoic acid (n-11) | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Monounsaturated) | JojobaSimmondsia chinensis | Seed | Moderate | Closely resembles the body's natural sebum; may support skin and hair hydration in topical wellness formulations. |
| Erucic AcidCAS 112-86-7 | C22:1 n-9; Long-chain Omega-9 | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Monounsaturated) | MustardBrassica nigra | Seed | Moderate | Studied in specific therapeutic contexts for neurological support; dietary intake is subject to regulatory guidance in many markets due to cardiac safety considerations. |
| Nervonic AcidCAS 506-37-6 | Selacholeic acid; C24:1 n-9 | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Monounsaturated) | Honesty PlantLunaria annua | Seed Oil | Moderate | A very long-chain fatty acid considered important for maintaining the structural health of the brain's white matter and myelin insulation. |
| FATTY ACIDS — POLYUNSATURATED (OMEGA-6) | ||||||
| Linoleic AcidCAS 60-33-3 | LA; C18:2 n-6; Omega-6 | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Polyunsaturated) | SunflowerHelianthus annuus | Seed | High | An essential omega-6 fatty acid required for normal skin barrier function, hormonal balance, and the body's inflammatory regulation. |
| Gamma-Linolenic AcidCAS 506-26-3 | GLA; C18:3 n-6; Omega-6 | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Polyunsaturated) | BorageBorago officinalis | Seed | Moderate | May help support hormonal balance and healthy skin; studied for its role in modulating prostaglandin-mediated inflammatory pathways. |
| Arachidonic AcidCAS 506-32-1 | AA; ARA; C20:4 n-6 | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Polyunsaturated) | MossesPhyscomitrella patens | Whole Plant | High | A key structural and signalling omega-6 fatty acid required for the synthesis of eicosanoids governing pain, sleep, and inflammatory balance. |
| Columbinic Acid | C18:3 (5t,9c,12c) | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Polyunsaturated) | Meadow RueThalictrum aquilegifolium | Seed | Emerging | A rare trans-containing polyunsaturated fatty acid studied for potential structural and metabolic roles in lipid biology. |
| Mead AcidCAS 20590-32-3 | C20:3 n-9; 5,8,11-Eicosatrienoic acid | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Polyunsaturated) | PrimroseOenothera spp. | Seed | Emerging | Produced by the body when essential fatty acid intake is low; studied as a biomarker for evaluating omega-3 and omega-6 nutritional status. |
| Coriolic Acid | 13-Hydroxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Polyunsaturated) | CoriariaCoriaria myrtifolia | Seed | Emerging | A hydroxy fatty acid studied in early-stage research for its potential to help modulate the body's inflammatory response. |
| FATTY ACIDS — POLYUNSATURATED (OMEGA-3) | ||||||
| alpha-Linolenic AcidCAS 463-40-5 | ALA; C18:3 n-3; Omega-3 | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Polyunsaturated) | FlaxLinum usitatissimum | Seed | Moderate | A plant-source omega-3 fatty acid; may support cardiovascular health and normal inflammatory balance when consumed as part of a varied diet. |
| Stearidonic AcidCAS 20290-75-9 | SDA; C18:4 n-3; Omega-3 | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Polyunsaturated) | HempCannabis sativa | Seed | Moderate | An omega-3 fatty acid that may convert to EPA more efficiently than ALA; studied for potential cardiovascular and inflammatory benefits. |
| Eicosapentaenoic AcidCAS 10417-94-4 | EPA; C20:5 n-3; Omega-3 | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Polyunsaturated) | MicroalgaeNannochloropsis spp. | Whole Cell | High | Plays a well-documented role in supporting normal blood triglyceride levels and healthy inflammatory balance. |
| Docosapentaenoic AcidCAS 53988-10-6 | DPA; C22:5 n-3; Omega-3 | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Polyunsaturated) | MicroalgaeSchizochytrium spp. | Whole Cell | Moderate | A metabolic intermediate between EPA and DHA; studied for potential cardiovascular and neural health support. |
| Docosahexaenoic AcidCAS 6217-54-5 | DHA; C22:6 n-3; Omega-3 | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Polyunsaturated) | MicroalgaeSchizochytrium spp. | Whole Cell | High | A critical omega-3 fatty acid required for normal brain development and the maintenance of healthy visual function throughout life. |
| Sciadonic Acid | C20:3 n-6 (5,11,14-eicosatrienoic) | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Polyunsaturated) | Umbrella PineSciadopitys verticillata | Seed | Emerging | A non-conventional polyunsaturated fatty acid studied for potential anti-inflammatory properties at the cardiovascular level. |
| FATTY ACIDS — CONJUGATED & SPECIALIZED | ||||||
| Punicic AcidCAS 544-72-9 | Trichosanic acid; Omega-5 CLA | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Conjugated) | PomegranatePunica granatum | Seed Oil | Moderate | A conjugated omega-5 fatty acid studied for its potential to support healthy insulin sensitivity and metabolic balance. |
| Calendic Acid | Beta-calendic acid; C18:3 (8t,10t,12c) | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Conjugated) | MarigoldCalendula officinalis | Seed | Emerging | A conjugated fatty acid studied for antioxidant and mild anti-inflammatory properties; of interest for skin health applications. |
| Catalpic Acid | C18:3 (9t,11t,13c) | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Conjugated) | Catalpa TreeCatalpa spp. | Seed | Emerging | An unusual trans-conjugated fatty acid studied for potential contributions to a healthy cardiovascular lipid profile. |
| Eleostearic Acid | Alpha-eleostearic acid; C18:3 (9c,11t,13t) | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Conjugated) | Bitter GourdMomordica charantia | Seed | Emerging | Studied in laboratory settings for potential antiproliferative properties; early-stage research, not established in human studies. |
| Parinaric Acid | Alpha-parinaric acid; C18:4 conj. | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Conjugated) | ParinariParinari curatellifolia | Seed | Emerging | A tetra-unsaturated conjugated fatty acid studied for its antioxidant potential and ability to protect cells from lipid peroxidation. |
| Jacaric Acid | C18:3 (8c,10t,12c) | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Conjugated) | JacarandaJacaranda mimosifolia | Seed | Emerging | Studied in laboratory settings for potential proapoptotic activity against damaged or abnormal cells; early-stage research only. |
| Licanic Acid | 4-Keto-alpha-eleostearic acid | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Conjugated) | OiticicaLicania rigida | Seed | Emerging | A keto-conjugated fatty acid studied for its potential role in supporting tissue healing and cellular recovery. |
| Pinolenic AcidCAS 16833-54-8 | Delta-5-linolenic acid; C18:3 (5c,9c,12c) | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Specialized) | Pine NutPinus sibirica | Nut | Moderate | May support appetite regulation by stimulating the release of satiety hormones; studied in the context of weight management. |
| Ricinoleic AcidCAS 141-22-0 | 12-Hydroxy-9-cis-octadecenoic acid | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Hydroxy) | Castor BeanRicinus communis | Seed | Moderate | Traditionally used to support digestive regularity; studied for potential soothing properties on smooth muscle tissue. |
| Vernolic Acid | 12,13-Epoxy-9-octadecenoic acid | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Epoxy) | IronweedVernonia galamensis | Seed | Emerging | An epoxy fatty acid being studied for potential applications in skin repair and high-performance wellness formulations. |
| Taxoleic Acid | C18:2 (5c,9c) | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Specialized) | Yew TreeTaxus spp. | Seed | Emerging | A non-conventional dienoic fatty acid studied for its contribution to healthy lipid diversity in cell membranes. |
| Juniperic Acid | 16-Hydroxyhexadecanoic acid | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Hydroxy) | JuniperJuniperus spp. | Needles | Emerging | A plant wax hydroxy fatty acid studied for its minor role in maintaining protective skin and cuticle resilience. |
| Sabinic Acid | 12-Hydroxydodecanoic acid | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Hydroxy) | Savin JuniperJuniperus sabina | Needles | Emerging | A medium-chain hydroxy fatty acid studied as a structural building block for specialised cellular lipid functions. |
| Phloionolic Acid | 9,10,18-Trihydroxyoctadecanoic acid | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Polyhydroxy) | Cork OakQuercus suber | Bark | Emerging | A polyhydroxy fatty acid component of plant suberin; may contribute to the structural integrity of epithelial barrier tissues. |
| Lesquerolic Acid | 14-Hydroxyeicosenoic acid | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Hydroxy) | Fendler's BladderpodLesquerella fendleri | Seed | Emerging | Structurally similar to ricinoleic acid; studied for potential skin and joint health applications in wellness formulations. |
| Chaulmoogric Acid | C18 cyclopentenyl fatty acid | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Cyclopentenyl) | ChaulmoograHydnocarpus wightianus | Seed | Moderate | Traditionally used in Ayurvedic and herbal systems to support the body's defence against skin infections. |
| Hydnocarpic Acid | C16 cyclopentenyl fatty acid | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Cyclopentenyl) | ChaulmoograHydnocarpus wightianus | Seed | Moderate | Works alongside chaulmoogric acid in traditional wellness applications for skin health and immune support. |
| Gorlic Acid | C18 cyclopentenyl fatty acid (unsaturated) | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Cyclopentenyl) | ChaulmoograHydnocarpus wightianus | Seed | Moderate | A cyclopentenyl fatty acid in the chaulmoogra group; traditionally studied for supporting the body's response to external pathogens. |
| Malvalic Acid | 8-(2-Octylcyclopropenyl)octanoic acid | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Cyclopropene) | CottonGossypium hirsutum | Seed | Emerging | A cyclopropenoid fatty acid studied for its regulatory effects on fatty acid desaturation enzyme pathways. |
| Sterculic Acid | 9-(2-Octylcyclopropenyl)nonanoic acid | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Cyclopropene) | Sterculia TreeSterculia foetida | Seed | Emerging | A cyclopropenoid fatty acid studied for its inhibitory interaction with stearoyl-CoA desaturase enzymes. |
| Cyclopropenoid Fatty Acid | Cyclopropene FA class; Sterculene-type | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Cyclopropene) | BaobabAdansonia digitata | Seed | Emerging | A class of unusual cyclic fatty acids contributing to the unique lipid profile of certain tropical seed oils. |
| HYDROXY, EPOXY & POLYHYDROXY FATTY ACIDS | ||||||
| 10-Hydroxy-Stearic Acid | 10-Hydroxystearic acid | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Hydroxy) | Various Plants | Every Cell | Emerging | Studied as a signalling intermediate in lipid inflammatory pathways; may contribute to healthy tissue repair processes. |
| 9,10-Epoxy-Stearic Acid | Epoxystearic acid | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Epoxy) | Plant Cuticle | Surface | Emerging | A cuticle wax component studied for its potential role in maintaining healthy epithelial and mucosal surface integrity. |
| 18-Hydroxy-Oleic Acid | — | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Hydroxy) | PotatoSolanum tuberosum | Skin | Emerging | A suberin-component hydroxy fatty acid studied for its contribution to the structural repair of the body's outer protective barriers. |
| 16-Hydroxy-Palmitic Acid | Dihydroxypalmitic acid (partial) | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Hydroxy) | AppleMalus domestica | Fruit Peel | Emerging | A plant wax hydroxy fatty acid studied for its potential role in supporting protective skin moisture retention. |
| 9,10,18-Trihydroxy-Stearic Acid | Phloionolic acid (related form) | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Polyhydroxy) | SpinachSpinacia oleracea | Leaves | Emerging | A polyhydroxy fatty acid studied for its potential contribution to gut mucosal health and digestive microbiome balance. |
| VERY LONG-CHAIN SATURATED FATTY ACIDS | ||||||
| Heneicosanoic Acid | C21:0 | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Very Long Chain) | Various Plants | Seeds | Emerging | A rare odd-chain saturated fatty acid; studied as a dietary biomarker and contributor to fatty acid structural diversity. |
| Tricosanoic Acid | C23:0 | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Very Long Chain) | Legumes | Seeds | Emerging | An odd-chain saturated fatty acid that may contribute to the structural complexity of human cell membranes. |
| Pentacosanoic Acid | C25:0 | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Very Long Chain) | Various Grains | Seeds | Emerging | May support long-term energy metabolism and contribute to the structural health of nerve tissue. |
| Heptacosanoic Acid | C27:0 | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Very Long Chain) | Tree Waxes | Leaves | Emerging | A plant wax fatty acid that contributes to the diversity of very long-chain lipids in the human diet. |
| Nonacosanoic Acid | C29:0 | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Very Long Chain) | Sugarcane WaxSaccharum officinarum | Stem | Emerging | A wax-derived fatty acid studied for its minor contribution to healthy lipid and energy balance. |
| Hentriacontanoic Acid | C31:0 | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Very Long Chain) | Plant Waxes | Leaves | Emerging | A very long-chain wax fatty acid that may support the integrity and protective function of the skin barrier. |
| Tritriacontanoic Acid | C33:0 | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Very Long Chain) | Tropical Waxes | Surface | Emerging | A rare wax fatty acid contributing to the structural stability of specialised plant wax complexes. |
| Pentatriacontanoic Acid | C35:0 | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Very Long Chain) | Rare Tree Oils | Seeds | Emerging | A trace very long-chain lipid playing a minor structural role in overall cellular and membrane stability. |
| FATTY ALCOHOLS & WAX ALCOHOLS | ||||||
| Eicosanol | 1-Eicosanol; C20 fatty alcohol | Lipids (Fatty Alcohol / Wax) | Sesame OilSesamum indicum | Seed | Moderate | A plant wax primary alcohol studied for its potential to support skin tissue health and recovery in topical applications. |
| DocosanolCAS 661-19-8 | Behenyl alcohol; C22 fatty alcohol | Lipids (Fatty Alcohol / Wax) | Peanut OilArachis hypogaea | Seed | Moderate | A long-chain fatty alcohol with studied antiviral properties; clinically investigated for managing labial viral infections. |
| Tetracosanol | Lignoceryl alcohol; C24 fatty alcohol | Lipids (Fatty Alcohol / Wax) | Rice BranOryza sativa | Bran | Moderate | A plant wax component studied for its potential contribution to protecting nervous system tissues from oxidative stress. |
| Hexacosanol | Ceryl alcohol; C26 fatty alcohol | Lipids (Fatty Alcohol / Wax) | Sugar CaneSaccharum officinarum | Stem | Moderate | A constituent of policosanol wax mixtures studied for potential heart-supportive properties in cholesterol management. |
| OctacosanolCAS 557-61-9 | 1-Octacosanol; C28 fatty alcohol | Lipids (Fatty Alcohol / Wax) | Wheat GermTriticum aestivum | Seed | Moderate | Studied for potential benefits to exercise performance and endurance; may support healthy cholesterol balance. |
| TriacontanolCAS 593-50-0 | Melissyl alcohol; C30 fatty alcohol | Lipids (Fatty Alcohol / Wax) | AlfalfaMedicago sativa | Leaves | Moderate | A natural plant wax alcohol studied for potential support of metabolic vitality and physical energy levels. |
| Hexadecanediol | 1,16-Hexadecanediol | Lipids (Fatty Alcohol / Wax) | Various Plants | Surface | Emerging | A diol wax component that may contribute to the stability and protective moisture function of skin barrier layers. |
| PhytolCAS 150-86-7 | Phytyl alcohol; Diterpene alcohol | Lipids (Diterpene Alcohol) | All Green Leaves | Chloroplast | Moderate | A chlorophyll breakdown product that serves as a biosynthetic precursor to Vitamins E and K in the body. |
| Phytanic Acid | 3,7,11,15-Tetramethylhexadecanoic acid | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Branched) | SpinachSpinacia oleracea | Leaves | Moderate | A branched-chain fatty acid derived from dietary phytol; studied for its role in managing fat and glucose metabolism. |
| Pristanic Acid | 2,6,10,14-Tetramethylpentadecanoic acid | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Branched) | Green Vegetables | Leaves | Emerging | A branched-chain metabolite of phytanic acid; may contribute to the healthy metabolic function of liver cells. |
| PHOSPHOLIPIDS & LYSOPHOSPHOLIPIDS | ||||||
| PhosphatidylcholineCAS 8002-43-5 | Lecithin; PC | Lipids (Phospholipid) | SoybeanGlycine max | Seed | High | A major dietary source of choline, supporting liver function, cognitive health, and the structural integrity of all cell membranes. |
| Phosphatidylethanolamine | Cephalin; PE | Lipids (Phospholipid) | Wheat GermTriticum aestivum | Seed | Moderate | Supports the structural integrity of brain cell membranes and may contribute to healthy neurotransmitter signalling. |
| Phosphatidylinositol | PI | Lipids (Phospholipid) | CornZea mays | Grains | Moderate | Plays a central role in insulin signalling and intracellular communication; may support healthy glucose response. |
| PhosphatidylserineCAS 51446-62-9 | PS; Soy PS | Lipids (Phospholipid) | SoybeanGlycine max | Seed | Moderate | Studied for supporting cognitive performance and age-related memory health; limited human trial data available. |
| Phosphatidylglycerol | PG | Lipids (Phospholipid) | SpinachSpinacia oleracea | Leaves | Moderate | An essential component of lung surfactant; may contribute to healthy respiratory function and airway surface integrity. |
| Cardiolipin | Bisphosphatidylglycerol; CL | Lipids (Phospholipid) | All Green Plants | Every Cell | High | A mitochondria-specific phospholipid critical for cellular energy production efficiency and metabolic function. |
| Lyso-Phosphatidylcholine | LPC; Lyso-PC | Lipids (Phospholipid) | Various Plants | Every Cell | Moderate | Involved in lipid signalling pathways; studied for its role in regulating the body's tissue healing and inflammatory response. |
| Lyso-Phosphatidylethanolamine | LPE; Lyso-PE | Lipids (Phospholipid) | Various Plants | Every Cell | Emerging | Studied as a bioactive signalling lipid involved in healthy cellular maturation and membrane renewal processes. |
| N-Acyl-Phosphatidylethanolamine | NAPE | Lipids (Phospholipid) | CottonseedGossypium hirsutum | Seed | Moderate | A lipid signalling precursor that may communicate satiety signals to the brain in response to food intake. |
| N-Acylethanolamine | NAE; Endocannabinoid-related lipid | Lipids (Phospholipid) | SoybeanGlycine max | Seed | Moderate | May support the body's natural stress-modulating system; studied for potential contribution to a calm physiological state. |
| Phosphatidic Acid | PA | Lipids (Phospholipid) | All Plants | Every Cell | Moderate | A key lipid signalling molecule studied for its potential role in supporting muscle protein synthesis and post-exercise recovery. |
| GALACTOLIPIDS & SULFOLIPIDS | ||||||
| Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol | MGDG | Lipids (Galactolipid) | Dog RoseRosa canina | Fruit (Hips) | Moderate | The most abundant plant membrane lipid; studied for potential anti-inflammatory effects with relevance to joint health support. |
| Digalactosyldiacylglycerol | DGDG | Lipids (Galactolipid) | SpinachSpinacia oleracea | Leaves | Moderate | A plant-source galactolipid that may help modulate inflammatory responses and support healthy immune balance. |
| Sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol | SQDG; Plant Sulfolipid | Lipids (Sulfolipid) | Sea LettuceUlva lactuca | Whole Plant | Emerging | A sulfonated glycolipid studied for potential antiviral properties and its role in supporting detoxification pathways. |
| Acylated-MGDG | Acyl-MGDG | Lipids (Galactolipid) | ArabidopsisArabidopsis thaliana | Leaves | Emerging | Studied for its role in lipid remodelling during cellular stress and its potential contribution to wound-healing signalling. |
| TRIACYLGLYCEROLS | ||||||
| Triolein | Glyceryl trioleate | Lipids (Triacylglycerol) | Olive TreeOlea europaea | Fruit | Moderate | The predominant triacylglycerol of olive oil; may support heart health by providing monounsaturated fats as part of a balanced diet. |
| Trilinolein | Glyceryl trilinoleate | Lipids (Triacylglycerol) | Evening PrimroseOenothera biennis | Seed | Moderate | A source of essential linoleic acid that may support healthy skin, hair, and nail integrity. |
| PLANT STEROLS & STANOLS | ||||||
| Beta-sitosterolCAS 83-46-5 | Beta-Sitosterol; 24-Ethylcholesterol | Lipids (Sterol) | Wheat GermTriticum aestivum | Seed | High | Competes with cholesterol for intestinal absorption; well-supported for helping maintain healthy blood cholesterol levels. |
| StigmasterolCAS 83-48-7 | — | Lipids (Sterol) | SoybeanGlycine max | Seed | Moderate | May contribute to healthy cholesterol balance; studied as a biosynthetic base for steroid hormones. |
| CampesterolCAS 474-62-4 | 24-Methylcholesterol | Lipids (Sterol) | RapeseedBrassica napus | Seed | Moderate | May support cardiovascular health by contributing to a healthy blood lipid profile. |
| BrassicasterolCAS 474-67-9 | 24-Methyl-delta5,22-cholestadienol | Lipids (Sterol) | BroccoliBrassica oleracea | Florets | Moderate | A Brassica-specific phytosterol that may contribute to a healthy overall lipid profile. |
| CycloartenolCAS 469-38-5 | — | Lipids (Sterol) | Rice BranOryza sativa | Seed Coat | Moderate | A tetracyclic sterol and biosynthetic precursor to other plant sterols; studied for potential antioxidant properties. |
| Spinasterol | — | Lipids (Sterol) | SpinachSpinacia oleracea | Leaves | Moderate | A plant-specific sterol studied for its potential role in supporting healthy cholesterol metabolism. |
| Schottenol | — | Lipids (Sterol) | Prickly PearOpuntia ficus-indica | Seeds | Moderate | Studied for its potential to support healthy lipid-clearing metabolic pathways. |
| Lophenol | — | Lipids (Sterol) | Aloe Vera | Leaves | Moderate | Studied for its potential to help maintain healthy blood sugar balance and support weight management. |
| ErgosterolCAS 57-87-4 | Provitamin D2 | Lipids (Sterol) | Button MushroomAgaricus bisporus | Fruit Body | High | A sterol precursor that converts to Vitamin D2 on UV exposure; important for bone health and immune system support. |
| SitostanolCAS 19044-59-2 | Beta-Sitostanol; 24-Ethylcholestanol | Lipids (Stanol) | CornZea mays | Bran | High | One of the most effective plant-derived compounds for blocking intestinal absorption of dietary cholesterol. |
| CampestanolCAS 474-60-2 | 24-Methylcholestanol | Lipids (Stanol) | OatsAvena sativa | Grains | High | May provide a synergistic sterol-lowering effect when combined with other plant sterols to support heart health. |
| 24-Methylene-Cycloartanol | — | Lipids (Sterol) | Rice Bran OilOryza sativa | Seed Coat | Moderate | A cycloartenol derivative studied for potential metabolic and cell-protective properties. |
| Sitosteryl Ferulate | Beta-Sitosteryl ferulate; Oryzanol component | Lipids (Sterol Ester) | Rice Bran OilOryza sativa | Bran | Moderate | A phytosterol-ferulic acid conjugate studied for potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. |
| Delta-5-Avenasterol | delta5-Avenasterol | Lipids (Sterol) | OatsAvena sativa | Grains | Moderate | May contribute to antioxidant protection of the cardiovascular system and support healthy lipid balance. |
| Delta-7-Avenasterol | delta7-Avenasterol | Lipids (Sterol) | Sunflower OilHelianthus annuus | Seed | Moderate | May support healthy vascular function and contribute to the maintenance of normal blood vessel resilience. |
| Gramisterol | — | Lipids (Sterol) | Wheat Germ OilTriticum aestivum | Seed | Moderate | A minor grain sterol that may support normal immune function and healthy lipid metabolism. |
| Citrostadienol | — | Lipids (Sterol) | Citrus OilCitrus limon | Peel | Moderate | A minor phytosterol that may contribute to healthy metabolic rate and balanced lipid function. |
| Isofucosterol | delta5-Avenasterol (algal/oat form) | Lipids (Sterol) | Oat BranAvena sativa | Grain Hull | Moderate | May support healthy management of dietary fat absorption and contribute to energy regulation. |
| Cycloartanol | — | Lipids (Sterol) | Rice BranOryza sativa | Bran | Moderate | A cyclopropane-containing sterol that may contribute to overall metabolic efficiency and cellular vitality. |
| 24-Ethylidene-Lophenol | — | Lipids (Sterol) | TobaccoNicotiana tabacum | Leaves | Emerging | Studied as a minor sterol; may provide structural components for healthy nerve membrane architecture. |
| STEROL ESTERS & GLYCOSIDES | ||||||
| Sitosteryl Glucoside | Beta-Sitosteryl-3-O-glucoside | Lipids (Sterol Glucoside) | TomatoSolanum lycopersicum | Fruit | Moderate | Studied for its potential to support cellular adaptation to physical stress and environmental metabolic changes. |
| Acylated Steryl Glucoside | ASG | Lipids (Sterol Glucoside) | PotatoSolanum tuberosum | Tuber | Moderate | May provide long-term structural support for healthy cell membrane architecture and function. |
| Sitosterol-Palmitate | Beta-Sitosteryl palmitate | Lipids (Sterol Ester) | Soybean OilGlycine max | Seed Oil | Moderate | A sterol ester form that may contribute to maintaining healthy cholesterol levels over time. |
| Campesterol-Oleate | Campesteryl oleate | Lipids (Sterol Ester) | Corn OilZea mays | Seed Oil | Moderate | May support a balanced cardiovascular lipid profile and contribute to healthy blood flow. |
| Stigmasterol-Linoleate | Stigmasteryl linoleate | Lipids (Sterol Ester) | Rapeseed OilBrassica napus | Seed Oil | Moderate | Contributes to the body's supply of essential fats alongside plant-based growth-supportive sterols. |
| TRITERPENOIDS (PENTACYCLIC) | ||||||
| Ursolic AcidCAS 77-52-1 | Urson; Prunol; Malol | Lipids (Triterpenoid) | AppleMalus domestica | Fruit Peel | Moderate | May support the preservation of muscle mass and contribute to healthy metabolic balance; studied in fitness and nutrition contexts. |
| Oleanolic AcidCAS 508-02-1 | Caryophyllin | Lipids (Triterpenoid) | Olive TreeOlea europaea | Leaves | Moderate | May support liver health and help maintain the body's natural defence against certain microbial challenges. |
| Betulinic AcidCAS 472-15-1 | 3-beta-Hydroxy-lup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid | Lipids (Triterpenoid) | Birch TreeBetula spp. | Bark | Emerging | Studied in laboratory settings for potential antiviral and antiproliferative properties; early-stage research only. |
| LupeolCAS 545-47-1 | Fagarasterol; Monogynol B | Lipids (Triterpenoid) | MangoMangifera indica | Fruit Peel | Moderate | Studied for potential anti-inflammatory and skin-protective properties; some evidence for photoprotective effects on skin cells. |
| FriedelinCAS 559-74-0 | — | Lipids (Triterpenoid) | Cork OakQuercus suber | Bark | Moderate | Exhibits potential anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties; traditionally used in topical skin-healing applications. |
| Erythrodiol | — | Lipids (Triterpenoid) | Olive OilOlea europaea | Fruit | Moderate | A pentacyclic triterpenoid that may contribute to the overall antioxidant properties of olive-based diets. |
| Uvaol | — | Lipids (Triterpenoid) | BearberryArctostaphylos uva-ursi | Leaves | Moderate | Traditionally associated with urinary tract health support; studied for potential anti-inflammatory properties. |
| TaraxerolCAS 4066-83-5 | — | Lipids (Triterpenoid) | DandelionTaraxacum officinale | Roots | Moderate | Studied for potential liver-supportive and detoxification-promoting properties in traditional herbal wellness. |
| Taraxasterol | — | Lipids (Triterpenoid) | DandelionTaraxacum officinale | Flowers | Moderate | Studied for potential anti-inflammatory properties that may support joint and connective tissue health. |
| BetulinCAS 473-98-3 | Betulinol; Betulol | Lipids (Triterpenoid) | Birch TreeBetula spp. | Bark | Moderate | A major birch bark constituent studied for potential contributions to skin healing and immune defence support. |
| SQUALENE | ||||||
| SqualeneCAS 111-02-4 | Spinacene; Supraene; C30 triterpene | Lipids (Terpene / Triterpene) | Olive OilOlea europaea | Fruit | Moderate | A natural triterpene emollient that may support skin hydration; studied for potential immune-modulating properties. |
| SPHINGOLIPIDS | ||||||
| PhytosphingosineCAS 554-62-1 | 4-Hydroxysphinganine; t18:0 | Lipids (Sphingolipid) | RiceOryza sativa | Grains | Moderate | Studied for its antimicrobial properties in skincare applications; may help support a healthy skin barrier. |
| Glucosylceramide | GlcCer; Plant Ceramide Glucoside | Lipids (Sphingolipid) | WheatTriticum aestivum | Grains | Moderate | Oral supplementation has been studied for its potential to improve skin hydration from within the body. |
| Ceramide | N-Acylsphingosine (class) | Lipids (Sphingolipid) | SoybeanGlycine max | Seed | Moderate | Studied for its role in restoring the skin's protective barrier and reducing transepidermal water loss. |
| Mannosyl-Inositol-Phosphoceramide | MIPC | Lipids (Sphingolipid) | TomatoSolanum lycopersicum | Leaves | Emerging | A complex sphingolipid studied for plant immune recognition; early-stage research into relevance for human cellular health. |
| Phytosphingosine-1-Phosphate | PhS1P | Lipids (Sphingolipid) | ArabidopsisArabidopsis thaliana | Leaves | Emerging | A lipid signalling molecule associated with cellular survival signalling and healthy growth regulation. |
| Ceramide-1-Phosphate | C1P | Lipids (Sphingolipid) | Various Plants | Every Cell | Emerging | A bioactive lipid mediator studied for its signalling role in cellular repair and growth in response to physiological stimuli. |
| GIPC (Plant Sphingolipid) | Glycosyl Inositol Phosphoceramide | Lipids (Sphingolipid) | SoybeanGlycine max | Seed | Moderate | The most abundant plant sphingolipid class; studied for potential contributions to maintaining healthy cellular cholesterol balance. |
| Mannosyl-GIPC | — | Lipids (Sphingolipid) | TomatoSolanum lycopersicum | Leaves | Emerging | Studied for plant immune recognition roles; early-stage research into relevance for human gut microbiome interactions. |
| Arabinosyl-GIPC | — | Lipids (Sphingolipid) | Legumes | Roots | Emerging | May contribute to gut microbiome diversity through its structural role in plant cell membranes; early-stage research. |
| Galactosyl-GIPC | — | Lipids (Sphingolipid) | Various Plants | Every Cell | Emerging | A structural sphingolipid studied for its potential role in supporting healthy cell membrane communication. |
| Xylosyl-GIPC | — | Lipids (Sphingolipid) | Plant Membranes | Cell | Emerging | A minor sphingolipid class studied for its relevance to the structural resilience of plant and human cell membranes. |
| Fucosyl-GIPC | — | Lipids (Sphingolipid) | Plant Membranes | Cell | Emerging | Plays a role in the structural complexity of plant sphingolipid profiles; studied for relevance to human cell biology. |
| STORAGE PROTEINS — GLOBULINS | ||||||
| Glycinin | 11S Globulin; Soy Globulin | Protein (Globulin) | SoybeanGlycine max | Seed | High | A well-studied complete protein providing all essential amino acids; may support muscle maintenance and bone density. |
| Beta-Conglycinin | 7S Globulin; Soy 7S | Protein (Globulin) | SoybeanGlycine max | Seed | Moderate | May contribute to healthy blood lipid balance and support normal glucose metabolism as part of a soy-rich diet. |
| Phaseolin | 7S Vicilin; Bean Globulin | Protein (Globulin) | Kidney BeanPhaseolus vulgaris | Seed | Moderate | Provides essential amino acids for cell repair; may contribute to satiety when consumed as part of a high-protein diet. |
| Vicilin | 7S Globulin; Pea Storage Protein | Protein (Globulin) | Garden PeaPisum sativum | Seed | Moderate | A well-digestible plant protein that may support general growth, tissue maintenance, and physical recovery. |
| Legumin | 11S Globulin; Pea Legumin | Protein (Globulin) | Broad BeanVicia faba | Seed | Moderate | Supplies a broad spectrum of amino acids; may support immune cell production and overall physical maintenance. |
| Amandin | 11S Globulin; Almond Protein | Protein (Globulin) | AlmondPrunus dulcis | Nut Kernel | Moderate | The primary storage protein of almonds; may support heart health and muscle tissue maintenance as part of a nut-rich diet. |
| Edestin | Cannabis Globulin; Hemp 11S | Protein (Globulin) | HempCannabis sativa | Seed | Moderate | A highly bioavailable plant globulin; studied for potential immune-supportive properties due to its structural similarity to human blood proteins. |
| Cruciferin | 12S Globulin; Brassica Storage Protein | Protein (Globulin) | MustardSinapis alba | Seed | Moderate | A Brassica storage protein providing essential amino acids that may support normal tissue repair and regeneration. |
| Excelsin | 11S Globulin; Brazil Nut Protein | Protein (Globulin) | Brazil NutBertholletia excelsa | Nut Kernel | Moderate | Rich in selenium-containing amino acids; may support thyroid health and contribute to the antioxidant defence system. |
| Corylin | Hazelnut Globulin | Protein (Globulin) | HazelnutCorylus avellana | Nut Kernel | Moderate | A nut storage protein providing essential fatty acid-associated amino acids; may support brain function and metabolic health. |
| Juglansin | Walnut 11S Globulin | Protein (Globulin) | WalnutJuglans regia | Nut Kernel | Moderate | Provides essential amino acids alongside heart-healthy fats; may support healthy aging and cognitive function. |
| Cocosin | Coconut Globulin | Protein (Globulin) | CoconutCocos nucifera | Endosperm | Moderate | A coconut storage protein studied for its potential to support energy levels and healthy fat metabolism. |
| Vignin | Mung Bean Globulin; 8S Globulin | Protein (Globulin) | Mung BeanVigna radiata | Seed | Moderate | A highly digestible legume protein that may support muscle repair and is generally well-tolerated by the digestive system. |
| Cicerin | Chickpea Globulin | Protein (Globulin) | ChickpeaCicer arietinum | Seed | Moderate | A satiating plant protein that may support healthy weight management and appetite regulation. |
| Linin | Flaxseed Globulin | Protein (Globulin) | FlaxseedLinum usitatissimum | Seed | Moderate | May work synergistically with flaxseed's omega-3 fats to support heart health and hormonal balance. |
| Conglutin | Lupin Globulin; alpha-Conglutin | Protein (Globulin) | LupinLupinus spp. | Seed | Moderate | A high-protein legume fraction that may help support healthy post-meal blood sugar levels. |
| STORAGE PROTEINS — PROLAMINS | ||||||
| Gliadin | Wheat Prolamin; alpha/beta/gamma-Gliadin | Protein (Prolamin) | WheatTriticum aestivum | Grain Endosperm | High | A wheat storage protein that provides dietary nitrogen; responsible for the viscoelastic properties of gluten. Note: implicated in coeliac disease in susceptible individuals. |
| Glutenin | High/Low MW Glutenin; HMW-GS | Protein (Glutelin) | WheatTriticum aestivum | Grain Endosperm | High | The glutelin fraction of gluten that contributes to dough strength; provides a structural protein matrix for sustained carbohydrate energy release. |
| Zein | Corn Prolamin; alpha/beta/gamma-Zein | Protein (Prolamin) | Maize (Corn)Zea mays | Grain Endosperm | Moderate | A gluten-free grain protein providing specific amino acid components for cellular energy production and structural support. |
| Hordein | Barley Prolamin; B/C/D-Hordein | Protein (Prolamin) | BarleyHordeum vulgare | Grain Endosperm | Moderate | A barley storage protein that contributes to metabolic support; may cause sensitivity in gluten-intolerant individuals. |
| Secalin | Rye Prolamin; gamma-Secalin | Protein (Prolamin) | RyeSecale cereale | Grain Endosperm | Moderate | A rye storage protein that contributes to dietary protein intake; may cause sensitivity in coeliac or gluten-sensitive individuals. |
| Avenin | Oat Prolamin | Protein (Prolamin) | OatsAvena sativa | Grain Endosperm | Moderate | A gentle, well-tolerated oat protein that may contribute to heart health and muscle recovery when consumed as part of a balanced diet. |
| Kafirin | Sorghum Prolamin; alpha/beta-Kafirin | Protein (Prolamin) | SorghumSorghum bicolor | Grain Endosperm | Moderate | A gluten-free grain protein that provides a hypoallergenic protein source and may support healthy metabolic function. |
| STORAGE PROTEINS — GLUTELINS & ALBUMINS | ||||||
| Oryzenin | Rice Glutelin; Rice Protein | Protein (Glutelin) | RiceOryza sativa | Grain Endosperm | Moderate | A hypoallergenic, easily digestible plant protein that may support muscle maintenance without triggering common grain allergies. |
| Napin | 2S Albumin; Rapeseed 2S | Protein (Albumin) | Rapeseed / CanolaBrassica napus | Seed | Moderate | A sulfur-rich small storage protein; may provide cysteine and methionine for healthy skin, hair, and antioxidant defence. |
| Lunasin | Bioactive Soy Peptide; 2S Albumin fragment | Protein (Albumin) | SoybeanGlycine max | Seed | Moderate | A bioactive peptide studied for potential anti-inflammatory properties and support of healthy cell cycle regulation. |
| Leukosin | Wheat Albumin; WGA-related | Protein (Albumin) | WheatTriticum aestivum | Grain | Moderate | A water-soluble wheat protein that contributes to the overall nutritional value of whole-wheat foods. |
| Legumelin | Soy Albumin fraction | Protein (Albumin) | SoybeanGlycine max | Seed | Moderate | Supplies essential amino acids for daily cellular repair and growth as part of a complete plant protein diet. |
| LECTINS | ||||||
| Concanavalin A | Con A; Jack Bean Lectin | Protein (Lectin) | Jack BeanCanavalia ensiformis | Seed | Moderate | A well-characterised mitogenic lectin widely used in immunological research to study T-cell activation and immune surveillance. |
| Wheat Germ Agglutinin | WGA | Protein (Lectin) | WheatTriticum aestivum | Germ | Moderate | A chitin-binding lectin studied for its interaction with gut epithelial surfaces; subject of ongoing research into digestive health effects. |
| PROTEASE ENZYMES (HYDROLASES) | ||||||
| Papain | Papaya Protease; EC 3.4.22.2 | Enzyme (Hydrolase / Protease) | PapayaCarica papaya | Fruit (Latex) | High | Effectively breaks down dietary proteins to support comfortable digestion; may help reduce post-meal bloating and digestive discomfort. |
| Bromelain | Pineapple Protease; EC 3.4.22.32 | Enzyme (Hydrolase / Protease) | PineappleAnanas comosus | Fruit and Stem | High | May support reduction of localised swelling and discomfort; studied for its role in aiding digestion of protein-rich foods. |
| Actinidin | Kiwifruit Protease; EC 3.4.22.14 | Enzyme (Hydrolase / Protease) | KiwifruitActinidia deliciosa | Fruit | Moderate | Studied for its ability to specifically improve digestion of proteins from meat, eggs, and dairy, potentially improving gut comfort. |
| Ficin | Fig Protease; EC 3.4.22.3 | Enzyme (Hydrolase / Protease) | FigFicus carica | Fruit (Latex) | Moderate | A plant cysteine protease that may aid in protein digestion and has been studied for potential soothing effects in the gut. |
| CARBOHYDRASE ENZYMES (HYDROLASES) | ||||||
| Alpha-Amylase | 1,4-alpha-D-glucan glucanohydrolase; EC 3.2.1.1 | Enzyme (Hydrolase / Carbohydrase) | MangoMangifera indica | Fruit | High | Catalyses the hydrolysis of dietary starch into shorter oligosaccharides, supporting efficient carbohydrate digestion and energy availability. |
| Beta-Amylase | 1,4-alpha-D-glucan maltohydrolase; EC 3.2.1.2 | Enzyme (Hydrolase / Carbohydrase) | Sweet PotatoIpomoea batatas | Tuber | Moderate | Slowly releases maltose from starch; may support a more gradual and sustained release of glucose into the bloodstream. |
| Cellulase | EC 3.2.1.4 | Enzyme (Hydrolase / Carbohydrase) | SproutsMedicago sativa | Whole Sprout | Moderate | May assist in breaking down plant cell wall fibers, potentially reducing bloating and improving regularity. |
| Invertase | Beta-fructofuranosidase; EC 3.2.1.26 | Enzyme (Hydrolase / Carbohydrase) | Honey (via Pollen) | Pollen / Nectar | Moderate | Converts sucrose into glucose and fructose, providing rapidly available cellular energy. |
| Pectinase | Polygalacturonase (class); EC 3.2.1.15 | Enzyme (Hydrolase / Carbohydrase) | AppleMalus domestica | Fruit | Moderate | Breaks down pectin in plant cell walls; may improve bioavailability of vitamins and minerals from plant foods. |
| Maltase | Alpha-glucosidase; EC 3.2.1.20 | Enzyme (Hydrolase / Carbohydrase) | BananaMusa acuminata | Fruit | High | Completes the digestion of maltose into glucose at the intestinal brush border, supporting steady energy supply. |
| Sucrase | Beta-fructosidase; EC 3.2.1.48 | Enzyme (Hydrolase / Carbohydrase) | SugarcaneSaccharum officinarum | Stem Juice | High | Hydrolyses dietary sucrose to glucose and fructose; essential for normal carbohydrate digestion and energy metabolism. |
| Alpha-Galactosidase | EC 3.2.1.22 | Enzyme (Hydrolase / Carbohydrase) | BeansPhaseolus spp. | Seed | Moderate | May reduce the production of gas and bloating from consuming high-fiber legumes by breaking down indigestible oligosaccharides. |
| Beta-Glucosidase | EC 3.2.1.21 | Enzyme (Hydrolase / Carbohydrase) | AlmondsPrunus dulcis | Nut | Moderate | Unlocks bioactive aglycone compounds from plant glycosides, potentially improving their availability for health support. |
| Glucanase | EC 3.2.1.6 | Enzyme (Hydrolase / Carbohydrase) | BarleyHordeum vulgare | Grain | Moderate | Breaks down beta-glucan fibers; may support the release of heart-healthy fiber fractions from cereal grains. |
| Xylanase | EC 3.2.1.8 | Enzyme (Hydrolase / Carbohydrase) | Oat BranAvena sativa | Grain | Moderate | May aid in the breakdown of tough hemicellulose fibers from whole grains, improving digestive comfort. |
| Hemicellulase | EC 3.2.1 (class) | Enzyme (Hydrolase / Carbohydrase) | Whole GrainsVarious | Seed Coat | Moderate | Breaks down complex hemicellulose polysaccharides to release prebiotic fragments that feed beneficial gut bacteria. |
| Alpha-Glucosidase | EC 3.2.1.20 | Enzyme (Hydrolase / Carbohydrase) | BuckwheatFagopyrum esculentum | Seed | Moderate | Plays a key role in the final hydrolysis of starch at the intestinal surface; inhibition of this enzyme is a studied approach to blood sugar management. |
| Polygalacturonase | EC 3.2.1.15 | Enzyme (Hydrolase / Carbohydrase) | TomatoSolanum lycopersicum | Fruit | Moderate | A fruit-ripening enzyme that breaks down pectin, improving the bioavailability of antioxidants and beneficial plant pigments. |
| Pectin Methylesterase | EC 3.1.1.11 | Enzyme (Hydrolase / Carbohydrase) | OrangeCitrus sinensis | Fruit | Moderate | Works alongside pectinase to support the healthy breakdown of fruit fiber; may contribute to normal digestive tract function. |
| Myrosinase | Thioglucosidase; EC 3.2.1.147 | Enzyme (Hydrolase / Carbohydrase) | BroccoliBrassica oleracea | Florets | High | Activates glucosinolate hydrolysis to produce bioactive compounds including sulforaphane; requires intact plant tissue for activity. |
| Lactase | Beta-galactosidase; EC 3.2.1.23 | Enzyme (Hydrolase / Carbohydrase) | Fermented SoyGlycine max | Bean (Fermented) | High | Hydrolyses lactose into glucose and galactose; supplementation may support digestive comfort in lactose-sensitive individuals. |
| Phytase | EC 3.1.3.8 | Enzyme (Hydrolase / Carbohydrase) | Wheat BranTriticum aestivum | Outer Layer | Moderate | Hydrolyses phytic acid in cereal grains, potentially improving the bioavailability of minerals such as iron, zinc, and calcium. |
| Urease | EC 3.5.1.5 | Enzyme (Hydrolase) | Jack BeanCanavalia ensiformis | Seed | Moderate | Catalyses the hydrolysis of urea; studied for its role in nitrogen metabolism and efficient protein utilisation. |
| Asparaginase | L-Asparaginase; EC 3.5.1.1 | Enzyme (Hydrolase) | AsparagusAsparagus officinalis | Spears | Moderate | Breaks down asparagine in plant foods; studied for its role in supporting healthy cell cycle dynamics. |
| Arginase | EC 3.5.3.1 | Enzyme (Hydrolase) | SoybeanGlycine max | Seed | Moderate | Catalyses the final step of the urea cycle, helping the liver process nitrogen waste from dietary protein. |
| LIPASE ENZYMES (HYDROLASES) | ||||||
| Lipase | Triacylglycerol lipase; EC 3.1.1.3 | Enzyme (Hydrolase / Lipase) | AvocadoPersea americana | Fruit | High | Catalyses the hydrolysis of dietary fats into fatty acids and glycerol, supporting absorption of fat-soluble vitamins and essential fats. |
| OXIDOREDUCTASE ENZYMES | ||||||
| Superoxide Dismutase | SOD; EC 1.15.1.1 | Enzyme (Oxidoreductase) | WheatgrassTriticum aestivum | Young Leaves | High | A primary cellular antioxidant enzyme that dismutates superoxide radicals; studied for its role in supporting healthy aging and oxidative stress management. |
| Catalase | EC 1.11.1.6 | Enzyme (Oxidoreductase) | PotatoSolanum tuberosum | Tuber | High | Neutralises hydrogen peroxide produced in metabolic processes, protecting cells and tissues from oxidative damage. |
| Peroxidase | EC 1.11.1 | Enzyme (Oxidoreductase) | HorseradishArmoracia rusticana | Root | Moderate | Supports the body's oxidative defence pathways; studied for its role in detoxification and immune system function. |
| Polyphenol Oxidase | PPO; Tyrosinase (plant); EC 1.10.3.1 | Enzyme (Oxidoreductase) | BananaMusa acuminata | Fruit | Moderate | Involved in phenolic compound oxidation during ripening; studied for its role in making antioxidant plant compounds more bioavailable. |
| Lipoxygenase | LOX; EC 1.13.11.12 | Enzyme (Oxidoreductase) | SoybeanGlycine max | Seed | Moderate | Metabolises polyunsaturated fatty acids to produce oxylipins; plays a regulatory role in cell membrane integrity and inflammatory balance. |
| Ascorbate Peroxidase | APX; EC 1.11.1.11 | Enzyme (Oxidoreductase) | SpinachSpinacia oleracea | Leaves | Moderate | Works in concert with Vitamin C to neutralise hydrogen peroxide; may contribute to the antioxidant capacity of green leafy vegetable consumption. |
| Glucose Oxidase | GOx; EC 1.1.3.4 | Enzyme (Oxidoreductase) | Honey (via Nectar) | Nectar | Moderate | Produces hydrogen peroxide as a by-product; studied for its potential contribution to maintaining a healthy microbial balance in fermented foods. |
| Glutathione Peroxidase | GPx; EC 1.11.1.9 | Enzyme (Oxidoreductase) | GarlicAllium sativum | Bulb | High | A selenium-dependent antioxidant enzyme that protects cells from lipid peroxidation and supports healthy detoxification of heavy metals. |
| Ascorbate Oxidase | EC 1.10.3.3 | Enzyme (Oxidoreductase) | CucumberCucumis sativus | Fruit | Moderate | Regulates the oxidation state of ascorbic acid in plant tissues; studied for its interaction with Vitamin C metabolism. |
| Tyrosinase | EC 1.14.18.1 | Enzyme (Oxidoreductase) | Button MushroomAgaricus bisporus | Fruit Body | Moderate | Involved in melanin biosynthesis and phenolic compound processing; studied for its role in skin health and general metabolic regulation. |
| Nitrogenase | EC 1.18.6.1 | Enzyme (Oxidoreductase) | PeasPisum sativum | Roots | High | The enzyme responsible for biological nitrogen fixation in legume root nodules; the foundational source of bioavailable nitrogen in plant-based protein foods. |
| Lactate Dehydrogenase | LDH; EC 1.1.1.27 | Enzyme (Oxidoreductase) | PeasPisum sativum | Seed | Moderate | Interconverts lactate and pyruvate; studied for its role in supporting muscle endurance and anaerobic energy metabolism. |
| Malate Dehydrogenase | MDH; EC 1.1.1.37 | Enzyme (Oxidoreductase) | AppleMalus domestica | Fruit | Moderate | A key enzyme of the citric acid cycle linking malate and oxaloacetate; central to maintaining cellular energy production. |
| Succinate Dehydrogenase | SDH; EC 1.3.5.1 | Enzyme (Oxidoreductase) | MilletPanicum miliaceum | Seed | Moderate | A membrane-bound enzyme at the intersection of the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain; important for efficient mitochondrial energy generation. |
| Alcohol Dehydrogenase | ADH; EC 1.1.1.1 | Enzyme (Oxidoreductase) | OrangeCitrus sinensis | Fruit | Moderate | Catalyses the interconversion of alcohols and aldehydes; plays a role in the detoxification of naturally occurring organic compounds. |
| Glutamate Dehydrogenase | GDH; EC 1.4.1.2 | Enzyme (Oxidoreductase) | PeanutsArachis hypogaea | Seed | Moderate | Plays a central role in amino acid catabolism and the integration of protein and carbohydrate metabolism for energy balance. |
| Nitrate Reductase | NR; EC 1.7.1.1 | Enzyme (Oxidoreductase) | BeetrootBeta vulgaris | Root | Moderate | Reduces dietary nitrate to nitrite, which the body further converts to nitric oxide; may support healthy blood pressure and circulation. |
| Glyceraldehyde-3-P Dehydrogenase | GAPDH; EC 1.2.1.12 | Enzyme (Oxidoreductase) | KaleBrassica oleracea | Leaves | High | A central glycolytic enzyme that catalyses the conversion of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and directly releases energy from dietary sugars. |
| Malic Enzyme | ME; EC 1.1.1.40 | Enzyme (Oxidoreductase) | AppleMalus domestica | Fruit | Moderate | Catalyses the oxidative decarboxylation of malate; studied for its role in supporting the biosynthesis of healthy fats and NADPH generation. |
| Glutathione Reductase | GR; EC 1.8.1.7 | Enzyme (Oxidoreductase) | SpinachSpinacia oleracea | Leaves | High | Regenerates reduced glutathione from its oxidised form, maintaining the body's primary antioxidant defence and cellular redox balance. |
| Thioredoxin Reductase | TrxR; EC 1.8.1.9 | Enzyme (Oxidoreductase) | Wheat GermTriticum aestivum | Germ | Moderate | Maintains the thioredoxin system, which plays a key role in DNA repair, antioxidant defence, and cellular stress responses. |
| Homoserine Dehydrogenase | EC 1.1.1.3 | Enzyme (Oxidoreductase) | BarleyHordeum vulgare | Grain | Moderate | An enzyme in the aspartate family amino acid biosynthesis pathway; studied as an essential contributor to the production of amino acids required for tissue repair. |
| Omega-3 Desaturase | FAD3; EC 1.14.19.25 | Enzyme (Oxidoreductase) | Chia SeedsSalvia hispanica | Seed | Moderate | Introduces the omega-3 double bond into linoleic acid; the key enzyme determining ALA content in flaxseed, chia, and other plant omega-3 sources. |
| Sarcosine Oxidase | EC 1.5.3.1 | Enzyme (Oxidoreductase) | Wheat BranTriticum aestivum | Outer Layer | Emerging | Studied for its role in amino acid catabolism and maintaining efficient metabolic clearance of certain nitrogen-containing compounds. |
| L-Amino Acid Oxidase | LAAO; EC 1.4.3.2 | Enzyme (Oxidoreductase) | PeasPisum sativum | Seed | Emerging | Studied for its role in amino acid catabolism and its antimicrobial properties in plant defence systems. |
| Urate Oxidase | Uricase; EC 1.7.3.3 | Enzyme (Oxidoreductase) | SoybeanGlycine max | Seed | Moderate | Catalyses the oxidation of uric acid; studied for its potential to support healthy uric acid balance and joint function. |
| Xanthine Oxidase | XO; EC 1.17.3.2 | Enzyme (Oxidoreductase) | Milk ThistleSilybum marianum | Seed | Moderate | Involved in purine catabolism; studied in the context of uric acid management and its relationship to healthy blood chemistry. |
| Cytochrome c Reductase | EC 1.6.99.3 | Enzyme (Oxidoreductase) | SpinachSpinacia oleracea | Leaves | Moderate | A component of the mitochondrial electron transport chain; essential for efficient cellular energy transfer and ATP production. |
| LYASE ENZYMES | ||||||
| Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase | PAL; EC 4.3.1.24 | Enzyme (Lyase) | StrawberryFragaria ananassa | Fruit | Moderate | A key enzyme initiating the phenylpropanoid pathway; triggers the production of plant polyphenols and antioxidants relevant to cardiovascular health. |
| Aldolase | Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase; EC 4.1.2.13 | Enzyme (Lyase) | PeasPisum sativum | Seed | High | A central glycolytic enzyme that cleaves fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, enabling the efficient conversion of dietary sugars into cellular energy. |
| Pyruvate Decarboxylase | PDC; EC 4.1.1.1 | Enzyme (Lyase) | GrapesVitis vinifera | Fruit | Moderate | Converts pyruvate to acetaldehyde during anaerobic fermentation; studied in the context of producing fermented plant foods that support gut wellness. |
| Carbonic Anhydrase | CA; EC 4.2.1.1 | Enzyme (Lyase) | KaleBrassica oleracea | Leaves | High | Catalyses the reversible hydration of CO2; essential for maintaining the acid-base balance of blood and efficient respiratory gas exchange. |
| Terpene Synthase | TPS; EC 4.2.3 (class) | Enzyme (Lyase) | PeppermintMentha piperita | Leaves | Moderate | Produces plant terpenoid compounds including menthol and limonene; the source enzyme for aromatic botanical extracts studied for digestive and respiratory comfort. |
| Alliinase | Alliin lyase; EC 4.4.1.4 | Enzyme (Lyase) | GarlicAllium sativum | Bulb | High | Converts alliin to allicin when garlic tissue is disrupted; activates the primary heart-health and antimicrobial compounds in garlic. |
| Enolase | Phosphopyruvate hydratase; EC 4.2.1.11 | Enzyme (Lyase) | PotatoSolanum tuberosum | Tuber | High | A key glycolytic enzyme that catalyses the penultimate step of glycolysis, contributing directly to cellular energy production. |
| Fumarase | Fumarate hydratase; EC 4.2.1.2 | Enzyme (Lyase) | Citrus FruitsCitrus spp. | Fruit | High | Catalyses the reversible hydration of fumarate to malate in the citric acid cycle; essential for continuous cellular energy production. |
| Cysteine Synthase | O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase; EC 2.5.1.47 | Enzyme (Lyase) | OnionsAllium cepa | Bulb | Moderate | Synthesises the amino acid cysteine, which is essential for glutathione production, liver detoxification, and healthy hair and skin. |
| Ornithine Decarboxylase | ODC; EC 4.1.1.17 | Enzyme (Lyase) | TomatoSolanum lycopersicum | Fruit | Moderate | Catalyses the first step of polyamine biosynthesis; polyamines play a fundamental role in the rapid repair and growth of body tissues. |
| Arginine Decarboxylase | ADC; EC 4.1.1.19 | Enzyme (Lyase) | OatsAvena sativa | Grain | Moderate | Produces agmatine and other polyamine precursors; studied for their potential role in supporting the body's resilience to metabolic stress. |
| Threonine Dehydratase | EC 4.3.1.19 | Enzyme (Lyase) | SoybeanGlycine max | Seed | Moderate | Converts threonine to alpha-ketobutyrate for energy; contributes to the efficient use of amino acids during periods of elevated energy demand. |
| Threonine Synthase | TS; EC 4.2.3.1 | Enzyme (Lyase) | OatsAvena sativa | Grain | Moderate | Synthesises the essential amino acid threonine from homoserine phosphate; contributes to the amino acid completeness of oat-based protein. |
| Cystathionine Beta-Lyase | CBL; EC 4.4.1.8 | Enzyme (Lyase) | BroccoliBrassica oleracea | Flower Buds | Moderate | Participates in the sulfur amino acid metabolism pathway; studied for its contribution to healthy liver sulfur cycle function. |
| TRANSFERASE ENZYMES | ||||||
| Hexokinase | HK; EC 2.7.1.1 | Enzyme (Transferase) | WheatTriticum aestivum | Grain | High | Phosphorylates glucose as the first committed step of glycolysis; the rate-limiting entry point for dietary glucose into cellular energy metabolism. |
| Pyruvate Kinase | PK; EC 2.7.1.40 | Enzyme (Transferase) | PotatoSolanum tuberosum | Tuber | High | Catalyses the final ATP-generating step of glycolysis; essential for the efficient conversion of food into energy to sustain physical activity. |
| Phosphoglycerate Kinase | PGK; EC 2.7.2.3 | Enzyme (Transferase) | SpinachSpinacia oleracea | Leaves | High | Generates ATP directly from dietary carbohydrate breakdown; a primary energy-yielding step in glycolysis used by all cells. |
| Glutathione S-Transferase | GST; EC 2.5.1.18 | Enzyme (Transferase) | CabbageBrassica oleracea | Leaves | High | Conjugates glutathione to electrophilic compounds; plays a central role in the liver's detoxification of potentially harmful dietary and environmental chemicals. |
| Hexokinase | Glucokinase (Liver); EC 2.7.1.2 | Enzyme (Transferase) | RiceOryza sativa | Grain | High | Acts as a glucose sensor in hepatocytes; helps the body maintain a healthy blood sugar response after carbohydrate-containing meals. |
| Fructokinase | Ketohexokinase; EC 2.7.1.4 | Enzyme (Transferase) | TomatoSolanum lycopersicum | Fruit | Moderate | Phosphorylates dietary fructose specifically in the liver; studied in the context of understanding healthy fructose metabolism and metabolic balance. |
| Phosphofructokinase | PFK; EC 2.7.1.11 | Enzyme (Transferase) | Sweet PotatoIpomoea batatas | Tuber | High | A master regulatory enzyme of glycolysis that controls the rate of glucose breakdown; central to matching energy supply with physical demand. |
| UDP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase | UGPase; EC 2.7.7.9 | Enzyme (Transferase) | RiceOryza sativa | Grain | Moderate | Synthesises UDP-glucose, the activated sugar donor used for glycogen and cellulose biosynthesis, supporting healthy energy storage between meals. |
| Branching Enzyme | Starch Branching Enzyme; EC 2.4.1.18 | Enzyme (Transferase) | PotatoSolanum tuberosum | Tuber | Moderate | Creates branch points in starch and glycogen molecules; influences the digestibility of starch and the production of resistant starch fractions that feed gut bacteria. |
| S-Adenosylmethionine Synthetase | SAM Synthetase; EC 2.5.1.6 | Enzyme (Transferase) | GarlicAllium sativum | Bulb | Moderate | Synthesises SAM, the primary methyl donor in the body; supports liver health, mood-related neurotransmitter synthesis, and the production of sulfur-containing wellness compounds. |
| Glycosyltransferase | GT; EC 2.4 (class) | Enzyme (Transferase) | SteviaStevia rebaudiana | Leaves | Moderate | A large enzyme family responsible for attaching sugar groups to plant compounds; the enzymes that produce steviol glycosides, the naturally sweet compounds in stevia. |
| Methyltransferase | MT; EC 2.1.1 (class) | Enzyme (Transferase) | BeetrootBeta vulgaris | Root | Moderate | Catalyses the transfer of methyl groups to a wide range of biological targets; plays a broad role in liver detoxification, DNA methylation, and energy metabolism. |
| Citrate Synthase | CS; EC 2.3.3.1 | Enzyme (Transferase) | LemonCitrus limon | Fruit | High | Catalyses the entry of acetyl-CoA into the citric acid cycle; the rate-controlling 'spark' that initiates cellular energy production from food. |
| Alanine Aminotransferase | ALT; EC 2.6.1.2 | Enzyme (Transferase) | Green Leafy VegVarious | Leaves | Moderate | Interconverts alanine and pyruvate; a key enzyme for converting amino acids into energy and maintaining healthy liver metabolic function. |
| Aspartate Aminotransferase | AST; EC 2.6.1.1 | Enzyme (Transferase) | Root VegetablesVarious | Roots | Moderate | Links amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism; essential for ensuring continuous energy availability in heart and liver cells. |
| Branched-Chain Aminotransferase | BCAT; EC 2.6.1.42 | Enzyme (Transferase) | Garden PeasPisum sativum | Seed | Moderate | Catalyses the first step in the catabolism of branched-chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, valine); studied for its role in muscle protein synthesis and recovery. |
| Glycine Hydroxymethyltransferase | SHMT; EC 2.1.2.1 | Enzyme (Transferase) | RiceOryza sativa | Grain | Moderate | Interconverts glycine and serine while transferring one-carbon units; essential for folate metabolism and healthy DNA synthesis. |
| Serine Hydroxymethyltransferase | SHMT; EC 2.1.2.1 | Enzyme (Transferase) | SpinachSpinacia oleracea | Leaves | Moderate | A central enzyme linking amino acid metabolism to folate-dependent one-carbon metabolism; essential for healthy cell replication. |
| Methionine Synthase | MS; EC 2.1.1.13 | Enzyme (Transferase) | LentilsLens culinaris | Seed | Moderate | Regenerates methionine from homocysteine using folate and B12; studied for its role in maintaining healthy homocysteine levels as a cardiovascular marker. |
| Spermidine Synthase | SpdS; EC 2.5.1.16 | Enzyme (Transferase) | Wheat GermTriticum aestivum | Germ | Moderate | Synthesises spermidine, a polyamine associated with cellular autophagy and longevity signalling; studied in the context of healthy aging. |
| Betaine-Homocysteine Methyltransferase | BHMT; EC 2.1.1.5 | Enzyme (Transferase) | BeetrootBeta vulgaris | Root | Moderate | Converts homocysteine to methionine using betaine; may support healthy cardiovascular function by contributing to normal homocysteine balance. |
| Phytoene Synthase | PSY; EC 2.5.1.32 | Enzyme (Transferase) | CarrotDaucus carota | Root | Moderate | Catalyses the first committed step of carotenoid biosynthesis; the enzyme that initiates the production of beta-carotene and the provitamin A found in colourful plants. |
| Lycopene Beta-Cyclase | LYCB; EC 5.5.1.19 | Enzyme (Isomerase) | PumpkinCucurbita maxima | Fruit | Moderate | Converts the linear carotenoid lycopene into cyclic beta-carotene; the enzyme responsible for producing Vitamin A precursors from plant pigments. |
| Thiolase | Acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase; EC 2.3.1.9 | Enzyme (Transferase) | Sunflower SeedsHelianthus annuus | Seed | Moderate | Catalyses the thiolytic cleavage of acetoacetyl-CoA; plays a key role in fatty acid beta-oxidation and healthy fat-derived energy production. |
| Beta-Ketoacyl-ACP Synthase | KAS; EC 2.3.1.41 | Enzyme (Transferase) | CoconutCocos nucifera | Endosperm | Moderate | A key enzyme in de novo fatty acid synthesis; determines the chain length and type of fatty acids produced in plant seeds. |
| Glycerol-3-Phosphate Acyltransferase | GPAT; EC 2.3.1.15 | Enzyme (Transferase) | AvocadoPersea americana | Fruit | Moderate | Catalyses the first step in glycerolipid biosynthesis; essential for building the structural phospholipids that comprise every human cell membrane. |
| Malate Synthase | MS; EC 2.3.3.9 | Enzyme (Transferase) | Sunflower SeedsHelianthus annuus | Seed | Moderate | A glyoxylate cycle enzyme that converts acetyl-CoA and glyoxylate to malate; studied for its role in the efficient conversion of stored fats to cellular energy. |
| Creatine Kinase | CK; EC 2.7.3.2 | Enzyme (Transferase) | Whole GrainsVarious | Grain | Moderate | Catalyses the transfer of a phosphate group to ADP to regenerate ATP; plays a central role in the rapid energy demands of muscle and nerve tissues. |
| Adenylate Kinase | AK; EC 2.7.4.3 | Enzyme (Transferase) | SpinachSpinacia oleracea | Leaves | Moderate | Maintains the cellular energy charge by interconverting ATP, ADP, and AMP; acts as a sensitive sensor and regulator of cellular energy status. |
| Nucleoside-Diphosphate Kinase | NDPK; EC 2.7.4.6 | Enzyme (Transferase) | KaleBrassica oleracea | Leaves | Moderate | Synthesises nucleoside triphosphates from ATP; provides the activated nucleotide building blocks required for DNA and RNA repair and synthesis. |
| RNA Polymerase | RNAP; EC 2.7.7.6 | Enzyme (Transferase) | Rice GermOryza sativa | Germ | High | Transcribes DNA into RNA; the fundamental enzyme required for the expression of all genetic information and the production of proteins. |
| Ornithine Carbamoyltransferase | OTC; EC 2.1.3.3 | Enzyme (Transferase) | PeanutsArachis hypogaea | Seed | Moderate | A central enzyme of the urea cycle that helps the liver safely convert protein-derived ammonia into urea for excretion. |
| Phosphoglucoisomerase | PGI; EC 5.3.1.9 | Enzyme (Isomerase) | CornZea mays | Grain | High | Interconverts glucose-6-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate; an essential step in glycolysis for converting dietary glucose into usable cellular fuel. |
| ISOMERASE ENZYMES | ||||||
| Glucose Isomerase | Xylose isomerase; EC 5.3.1.5 | Enzyme (Isomerase) | BarleyHordeum vulgare | Grain | Moderate | Interconverts glucose and fructose; widely used in the food industry and studied for its role in balanced dietary sugar management. |
| Triose Phosphate Isomerase | TPI; EC 5.3.1.1 | Enzyme (Isomerase) | SpinachSpinacia oleracea | Leaves | High | Interconverts the two triose phosphate intermediates of glycolysis; essential for the efficient extraction of energy from every glucose molecule. |
| Epimerase | UDP-glucose 4-epimerase; EC 5.1.3.2 | Enzyme (Isomerase) | SoybeanGlycine max | Seed | Moderate | Interconverts UDP-glucose and UDP-galactose; essential for the body's biosynthesis of glycoproteins and cell membrane glycolipids. |
| Racemase | Alanine racemase; EC 5.1.1.1 | Enzyme (Isomerase) | AlfalfaMedicago sativa | Leaves | Moderate | Interconverts L- and D-amino acids; studied for its role in the proper formation of structural proteins and supporting a healthy gut microbiome. |
| LIGASE ENZYMES | ||||||
| DNA Ligase | EC 6.5.1.1 | Enzyme (Ligase) | Broccoli SproutsBrassica oleracea | Whole Sprout | High | Catalyses the joining of DNA strand breaks; an essential enzyme for the faithful repair and replication of the human genome. |
| Glutamine Synthetase | GS; EC 6.3.1.2 | Enzyme (Ligase) | PeanutsArachis hypogaea | Seed | High | Synthesises glutamine from glutamate and ammonia; glutamine is the primary fuel for immune cells and a key molecule for maintaining gut lining integrity. |
| Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase | ACC; EC 6.4.1.2 | Enzyme (Ligase) | SunflowerHelianthus annuus | Seed | Moderate | Catalyses the rate-limiting step in de novo fatty acid synthesis; determines the body's capacity to produce healthy structural and regulatory fats. |
| Pyruvate Carboxylase | PC; EC 6.4.1.1 | Enzyme (Ligase) | SoybeanGlycine max | Seed | Moderate | Converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate, replenishing the citric acid cycle; essential for maintaining the steady supply of energy in heart and brain tissues. |
| S-Adenosylmethionine Synthetase | MAT; EC 2.5.1.6 | Enzyme (Ligase) | GarlicAllium sativum | Bulb | Moderate | Synthesises SAM from methionine and ATP; SAM is the universal methyl donor supporting mood-related neurotransmitter synthesis and liver function. |
| Leucyl-tRNA Synthetase | LeuRS; EC 6.1.1.4 | Enzyme (Ligase) | Pumpkin SeedsCucurbita pepo | Seed | Moderate | Aminoacylates leucine onto its cognate tRNA; plays a role in nutrient sensing and has been studied as an activator of the mTOR pathway regulating muscle protein synthesis. |
| Tryptophanyl-tRNA Synthetase | TrpRS; EC 6.1.1.2 | Enzyme (Ligase) | Chia SeedsSalvia hispanica | Seed | Moderate | Ensures tryptophan is correctly incorporated during protein synthesis; studied for its connection to the production of serotonin and sleep-supporting melatonin. |
| Lysine-tRNA Ligase | LysRS; EC 6.1.1.6 | Enzyme (Ligase) | QuinoaChenopodium quinoa | Seed | Moderate | Ensures the accurate incorporation of lysine into proteins; lysine is an essential amino acid critical for collagen synthesis and tissue repair. |
| Tyrosine-tRNA Ligase | TyrRS; EC 6.1.1.1 | Enzyme (Ligase) | Pumpkin SeedsCucurbita pepo | Seed | Moderate | Ensures tyrosine is correctly incorporated during protein synthesis; studied for its links to neurotransmitter and thyroid hormone production. |
| Valine-tRNA Ligase | ValRS; EC 6.1.1.9 | Enzyme (Ligase) | LentilsLens culinaris | Seed | Moderate | Required for the correct incorporation of valine into proteins; valine is a branched-chain amino acid important for muscle repair and recovery. |
| Histidine-tRNA Ligase | HisRS; EC 6.1.1.21 | Enzyme (Ligase) | PeanutsArachis hypogaea | Seed | Moderate | Ensures histidine is correctly incorporated during protein synthesis; studied for its connection to the production of histamine and the body's inflammatory response. |
| Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase | CPS; EC 6.3.4.16 | Enzyme (Ligase) | Sunflower SeedsHelianthus annuus | Seed | Moderate | Initiates the urea cycle by synthesising carbamoyl phosphate; essential for the liver's safe disposal of excess dietary protein nitrogen. |
| MULTI-FUNCTIONAL / COMPLEX PROTEINS | ||||||
| RuBisCo | Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase; EC 4.1.1.39 | Protein / Enzyme | SpinachSpinacia oleracea | Leaves | Moderate | The most abundant protein on Earth; provides a nutritionally complete amino acid profile when consumed as a leaf protein concentrate, with emerging interest as a sustainable plant protein source. |
| Ribonuclease | RNase; EC 3.1.26.4 | Enzyme (Hydrolase) | SpinachSpinacia oleracea | Leaves | Moderate | Catalyses the degradation of RNA; involved in cellular RNA turnover and the recycling of nucleotide building blocks. |
| Deoxyribonuclease | DNase; EC 3.1.21.1 | Enzyme (Hydrolase) | TomatoSolanum lycopersicum | Fruit | Moderate | Catalyses the hydrolysis of DNA; plays a housekeeping role in the safe recycling of genetic material within tissues. |
| Glutaminase | GLS; EC 3.5.1.2 | Enzyme (Hydrolase) | MisoGlycine max | Fermented Bean | Moderate | Converts glutamine to glutamate; releases flavour-active amino acids in fermented plant foods and produces glutamate as fuel for rapidly dividing immune and gut cells. |
| Alpha-Mannosidase | EC 3.2.1.24 | Enzyme (Hydrolase) | Jack BeanCanavalia ensiformis | Seed | Moderate | Removes mannose residues from glycoproteins during their maturation; essential for the correct folding and quality control of secreted proteins. |
| Beta-Mannosidase | EC 3.2.1.25 | Enzyme (Hydrolase) | Guar BeanCyamopsis tetragonoloba | Seed | Moderate | Hydrolyses terminal mannose residues from galactomannans; studied for its contribution to fiber digestion and healthy blood cholesterol management. |
| Leucine Aminopeptidase | LAP; EC 3.4.11.1 | Enzyme (Hydrolase) | BarleyHordeum vulgare | Grain | Moderate | Cleaves N-terminal amino acids from peptide chains; supports the final stages of protein digestion for maximum nutrient absorption. |
| Carboxypeptidase | EC 3.4.17 (class) | Enzyme (Hydrolase) | SoybeanGlycine max | Seed | Moderate | Removes amino acids from the C-terminus of peptides; assists in the complete breakdown of dietary protein into absorbable amino acids. |
| Aminopeptidase | EC 3.4.11 (class) | Enzyme (Hydrolase) | Cereal GrainsVarious | Germ | Moderate | Cleaves single amino acids from the N-terminus of peptide chains, completing the digestion of dietary proteins for direct absorption. |
| Adenosine Deaminase | ADA; EC 3.5.4.4 | Enzyme (Hydrolase) | PotatoSolanum tuberosum | Tuber | Moderate | Catalyses the deamination of adenosine in the purine salvage pathway; a critical enzyme for normal T-cell immune function and healthy cellular communication. |
| Glucokinase | Hexokinase IV; EC 2.7.1.2 | Enzyme (Transferase) | RiceOryza sativa | Grain | Moderate | Functions as a hepatic glucose sensor that helps regulate insulin secretion; studied for its central role in maintaining healthy post-meal blood sugar balance. |
| VITAMIN C | ||||||
| Vitamin CCAS 50-81-7 | Ascorbic acid; L-Ascorbic acid; E300 | Vitamins (Vitamin C) | Rose HipsRosa canina | Fruit | High | A well-validated water-soluble antioxidant essential for normal immune function, collagen synthesis, and iron absorption from plant foods. |
| PROVITAMIN A CAROTENOIDS | ||||||
| Beta-caroteneCAS 7235-40-7 | Provitamin A; beta,beta-Carotene | Vitamins (Provitamin A Carotenoid) | CarrotDaucus carota | Root | High | A provitamin A carotenoid converted by the body to retinol as needed; supports healthy vision, normal immune function, and skin integrity. |
| Alpha-caroteneCAS 7488-99-5 | alpha,beta-Carotene | Vitamins (Provitamin A Carotenoid) | PumpkinCucurbita maxima | Fruit | Moderate | A provitamin A carotenoid with roughly half the conversion efficiency of beta-carotene; may contribute to healthy cell growth and immune defence. |
| Beta-cryptoxanthinCAS 472-70-8 | beta-Cryptoxanthin; Cryptoxanthin | Vitamins (Provitamin A Carotenoid) | PapayaCarica papaya | Fruit | Moderate | A xanthophyll provitamin A that may be specifically supportive of lung and respiratory cell health, in addition to general vitamin A functions. |
| CAROTENOIDS — NON-PROVITAMIN A | ||||||
| LuteinCAS 127-40-2 | Xanthophyll; E161b | Vitamins (Carotenoid) | KaleBrassica oleracea | Leaves | High | Accumulates in the macular pigment of the eye; well-supported for reducing the risk of age-related macular degeneration and protecting against blue light stress. |
| ZeaxanthinCAS 144-68-3 | (3R,3'R)-Zeaxanthin; E161h | Vitamins (Carotenoid) | Sweet CornZea mays | Grains | High | A macular pigment carotenoid that may improve visual sharpness and help protect the retina from UV-induced oxidative damage. |
| LycopeneCAS 502-65-8 | Psi,psi-Carotene; E160d | Vitamins (Carotenoid) | TomatoSolanum lycopersicum | Fruit | High | A well-studied antioxidant carotenoid associated with cardiovascular health and potential skin photoprotection when consumed regularly as part of a varied diet. |
| PhytoeneCAS 542-42-7 | 7,8,11,12,7',8'-Hexahydro-lycopene | Vitamins (Carotenoid) | White TomatoSolanum lycopersicum | Fruit | Moderate | A colourless carotenoid that may absorb UV light at the cellular level and contribute to overall skin antioxidant status. |
| PhytoflueneCAS 554-84-7 | Phytofluene; 7,8-Dihydro-zeta-carotene | Vitamins (Carotenoid) | TomatoSolanum lycopersicum | Fruit | Emerging | A colourless carotenoid studied in early-stage research for its potential role in complementing the photoprotective and antioxidant effects of other carotenoids. |
| AstaxanthinCAS 472-61-7 | (3S,3'S)-Astaxanthin; Haematococcus Extract | Vitamins (Carotenoid) | AlgaeHaematococcus pluvialis | Whole Cell | High | A ketocarotenoid with exceptionally potent antioxidant activity; may support eye health, skin photoprotection, and exercise recovery when consumed regularly. |
| FucoxanthinCAS 3351-86-8 | (3S,5R,6S,3'S,5'R)-Fucoxanthin | Vitamins (Carotenoid) | KelpUndaria pinnatifida | Whole Plant | Moderate | A marine carotenoid found in edible seaweeds; may support healthy metabolic rate and contribute to weight management when consumed as part of a balanced diet. |
| CapsanthinCAS 465-42-9 | (3R,3'S,5'R)-Capsanthin | Vitamins (Carotenoid) | Red PepperCapsicum annuum | Fruit | Moderate | A xanthophyll carotenoid unique to Capsicum; studied for its potential to contribute to a healthy lipid profile and support eye function. |
| NeoxanthinCAS 14646-79-8 | (3S,5R,6R,3'S,5'R,6'S)-Neoxanthin | Vitamins (Carotenoid) | SpinachSpinacia oleracea | Leaves | Moderate | A minor dietary xanthophyll studied for its potential antioxidant and metabolic balance-supporting properties. |
| ViolaxanthinCAS 126-29-4 | Zeaxanthin diepoxide | Vitamins (Carotenoid) | Yellow PepperCapsicum annuum | Fruit | Moderate | A plant xanthophyll studied for its antioxidant potential and contribution to the diverse carotenoid intake from colourful vegetables. |
| VITAMIN E — TOCOPHEROLS | ||||||
| Alpha-tocopherolCAS 59-02-9 | RRR-alpha-Tocopherol; Vitamin E; E307 | Vitamins (Vitamin E / Tocopherol) | Wheat GermTriticum aestivum | Germ | High | The most biologically active form of Vitamin E; protects cell membranes from oxidative damage and supports normal immune function. |
| Gamma-tocopherolCAS 54-28-4 | gamma-Tocopherol | Vitamins (Vitamin E / Tocopherol) | WalnutJuglans regia | Nut Kernel | Moderate | May provide complementary anti-inflammatory protection to alpha-tocopherol; studied for its ability to neutralise reactive nitrogen species in tissues. |
| Delta-tocopherolCAS 119-13-1 | delta-Tocopherol | Vitamins (Vitamin E / Tocopherol) | Soybean OilGlycine max | Seed Oil | Moderate | A potent antioxidant tocopherol isomer studied for its potential contribution to maintaining the stability of cell membrane lipids. |
| Beta-tocopherolCAS 16698-35-4 | beta-Tocopherol | Vitamins (Vitamin E / Tocopherol) | Various Grains | Seed | Moderate | A minor tocopherol isomer that may contribute to the overall protective antioxidant activity of mixed Vitamin E complexes. |
| VITAMIN E — TOCOTRIENOLS | ||||||
| Alpha-tocotrienolCAS 58864-81-6 | alpha-T3 | Vitamins (Vitamin E / Tocotrienol) | Palm FruitElaeis guineensis | Fruit | Moderate | A tocotrienol form of Vitamin E with greater membrane mobility than tocopherols; studied for its potential neuroprotective and cardioprotective properties. |
| Gamma-tocotrienolCAS 14101-61-2 | gamma-T3 | Vitamins (Vitamin E / Tocotrienol) | Rice BranOryza sativa | Bran | Moderate | Studied for its potential to support healthy cholesterol levels and provide antioxidant protection to cardiovascular tissues. |
| Delta-tocotrienolCAS 25612-59-3 | delta-T3 | Vitamins (Vitamin E / Tocotrienol) | Annatto SeedsBixa orellana | Seed | Moderate | The predominant tocotrienol in annatto; studied for its potential contributions to long-term heart health and cellular antioxidant protection. |
| VITAMIN K | ||||||
| Vitamin K1CAS 84-80-0 | Phylloquinone; Phytonadione; K1 | Vitamins (Vitamin K) | SpinachSpinacia oleracea | Leaves | High | The primary dietary form of Vitamin K from plants; essential for normal blood coagulation and for directing calcium to bones rather than soft tissues. |
| VITAMIN D | ||||||
| Vitamin D2CAS 50-14-6 | Ergocalciferol; Calciferol; E1141 | Vitamins (Vitamin D) | UV-Exposed MushroomAgaricus bisporus | Fruiting Body | High | A plant-derived form of Vitamin D produced when mushrooms are exposed to UV light; may support bone mineralisation and healthy immune function, though D3 conversion efficiency is lower than solar D3. |
| B VITAMINS | ||||||
| Vitamin B1CAS 59-43-8 | Thiamine; Aneurine | Vitamins (Vitamin B) | Sunflower SeedsHelianthus annuus | Seed | High | Essential for converting dietary carbohydrates into cellular energy; supports normal nerve function and healthy heart muscle activity. |
| Vitamin B2CAS 83-88-5 | Riboflavin; Lactoflavin; E101 | Vitamins (Vitamin B) | AlmondsPrunus dulcis | Nut Kernel | High | Required for energy production from fats, proteins, and carbohydrates; supports healthy skin integrity and normal eye function. |
| Vitamin B3CAS 59-67-6 | Niacin; Nicotinic acid; Nicotinamide | Vitamins (Vitamin B) | PeanutsArachis hypogaea | Seed | High | A precursor to NAD and NADP coenzymes central to energy metabolism; supports healthy DNA repair, normal skin function, and healthy circulation. |
| Vitamin B5CAS 79-83-4 | Pantothenic acid; Pantothenate | Vitamins (Vitamin B) | AvocadoPersea americana | Fruit | High | Required for the synthesis of coenzyme A; supports the body's normal response to stress and healthy energy metabolism from all macronutrients. |
| Vitamin B6CAS 65-23-6 | Pyridoxine; Pyridoxal; Pyridoxamine | Vitamins (Vitamin B) | ChickpeasCicer arietinum | Seed | High | Essential for over 100 enzyme reactions including amino acid metabolism and neurotransmitter synthesis; supports normal mood regulation, cognitive function, and haemoglobin production. |
| Vitamin B7CAS 58-85-5 | Biotin; Vitamin H | Vitamins (Vitamin B) | SoybeansGlycine max | Seed | High | A coenzyme for carboxylase enzymes involved in fatty acid synthesis and gluconeogenesis; supports normal macronutrient metabolism, and healthy hair and nail growth. |
| Vitamin B9CAS 59-30-3 | Folate; Folic acid; Pteroylglutamic acid | Vitamins (Vitamin B) | LentilsLens culinaris | Seed | High | Essential for one-carbon metabolism, normal DNA synthesis, and healthy cell division; critical during early pregnancy for normal foetal neural tube development. |
| Vitamin B12 (Corrinoid Analog) | Pseudovitamin B12; Cobalamin analog | Vitamins (Vitamin B) | NoriPorphyra spp. | Fronds | Emerging | The B12-like corrinoid compounds found in nori have contested bioactivity; current evidence suggests they may not function as true cobalamin and could potentially compete with active B12 for absorption. Not considered a reliable B12 source for those on plant-based diets. |
| ESTABLISHED VITAMIN-LIKE FACTORS | ||||||
| PQQCAS 72909-34-3 | Pyrroloquinoline quinone; Methoxatin; BioPQQ | Vitamin-like Factor | Green PepperCapsicum annuum | Fruit | Moderate | A redox-active cofactor studied for its potential to support mitochondrial biogenesis and contribute to mental clarity and focus when consumed as part of a healthy diet. |
| CholineCAS 62-49-7 | (2-Hydroxyethyl)trimethylammonium; Bilineurine | Vitamin-like Factor | Wheat GermTriticum aestivum | Germ | High | An essential nutrient required for the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine and acetylcholine; critical for normal liver function, healthy brain development, and cognitive performance. |
| BetaineCAS 107-43-7 | Trimethylglycine; TMG; Glycine betaine | Vitamin-like Factor | Sugar BeetBeta vulgaris | Root | High | An osmolyte and methyl donor that may support healthy liver function and contribute to normal homocysteine balance, a key cardiovascular health marker. |
| Quinic AcidCAS 77-95-2 | 1L-1(OH),3,4/5-Tetrahydroxycyclohexane-carboxylic acid | Vitamin-like Factor | CranberryVaccinium macrocarpon | Fruit | Moderate | A plant acid that may support urinary tract health by contributing to hippuric acid production; also plays a role in the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids in plants. |
| SolanesolCAS 13190-97-1 | All-trans-Solanesol; C45 isoprenyl alcohol | Vitamin-like Factor | Potato LeavesSolanum tuberosum | Leaves | Moderate | A long-chain isoprenyl alcohol found in Solanaceae plants; studied as a biosynthetic precursor to coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) and Vitamins E and K in certain organisms. |
| MACROMINERALS | ||||||
| CalciumCAS 7440-70-2 | Ca; Calcium ion; E170 | Minerals (Macromineral) | Collard GreensBrassica oleracea | Leaves | High | The most abundant mineral in the human body; essential for structural bone and tooth health, normal muscle contraction, and healthy nerve signal transmission. |
| MagnesiumCAS 7439-95-4 | Mg; Magnesium ion | Minerals (Macromineral) | Pumpkin SeedsCucurbita pepo | Seed | High | A cofactor for over 300 enzymatic reactions; supports normal muscle and nerve function, healthy blood glucose regulation, and bone mineralisation. |
| PotassiumCAS 7440-09-7 | K; Potassium ion | Minerals (Macromineral) | BananaMusa acuminata | Fruit | High | The primary intracellular cation; essential for maintaining normal fluid balance, healthy blood pressure, and proper electrical activity in muscle and nerve cells. |
| PhosphorusCAS 7723-14-0 | P; Phosphate ion | Minerals (Macromineral) | OatsAvena sativa | Grains | High | Required by every cell for energy metabolism (ATP), DNA and RNA synthesis, and structural bone and tooth mineralisation in conjunction with calcium. |
| SulfurCAS 7704-34-9 | S; Organic sulfur | Minerals (Macromineral) | GarlicAllium sativum | Bulb | High | An essential component of the amino acids methionine and cysteine; required for the synthesis of glutathione, the body's primary endogenous antioxidant. |
| SodiumCAS 7440-23-5 | Na; Sodium ion | Minerals (Macromineral) | CeleryApium graveolens | Stalk | High | The primary extracellular cation; essential for maintaining normal fluid balance, blood pressure regulation, and healthy nerve and muscle electrical function. |
| ChlorideCAS 16887-00-6 | Cl-; Chloride ion | Minerals (Macromineral) | TomatoSolanum lycopersicum | Fruit | High | The primary extracellular anion; essential for maintaining acid-base balance and a component of hydrochloric acid required for normal gastric digestion. |
| TRACE MINERALS | ||||||
| IronCAS 7439-89-6 | Fe; Non-heme iron; Ferrous iron | Minerals (Trace Mineral) | SpinachSpinacia oleracea | Leaves | High | A core component of haemoglobin and myoglobin; essential for normal oxygen transport throughout the body and healthy energy metabolism. Plant-source non-heme iron absorption is enhanced by Vitamin C. |
| ZincCAS 7440-66-6 | Zn; Zinc ion | Minerals (Trace Mineral) | Pumpkin SeedsCucurbita pepo | Seed | High | A cofactor for over 300 enzymes; supports normal immune function, healthy wound healing, DNA synthesis, and the senses of taste and smell. |
| CopperCAS 7440-50-8 | Cu; Cupric ion | Minerals (Trace Mineral) | CashewsAnacardium occidentale | Nut Kernel | High | A cofactor for enzymes involved in iron metabolism, antioxidant defence (SOD), and connective tissue formation; supports healthy energy production and cardiovascular function. |
| ManganeseCAS 7439-96-5 | Mn; Manganese ion | Minerals (Trace Mineral) | HazelnutsCorylus avellana | Nut Kernel | High | A cofactor for manganese superoxide dismutase and enzymes involved in bone formation; supports normal carbohydrate and fat metabolism. |
| SeleniumCAS 7782-49-2 | Se; Selenium ion | Minerals (Trace Mineral) | Brazil NutBertholletia excelsa | Nut Kernel | High | An essential component of glutathione peroxidase and other selenoproteins; supports normal thyroid hormone metabolism and antioxidant protection of cells. |
| ChromiumCAS 7440-47-3 | Cr; Trivalent chromium; Cr3+ | Minerals (Trace Mineral) | BroccoliBrassica oleracea | Florets | Moderate | May enhance the action of insulin in supporting normal blood glucose uptake; studied for its role in healthy carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. |
| IodineCAS 7553-56-2 | I; Iodide ion | Minerals (Trace Mineral) | KelpMacrocystis pyrifera | Whole Plant | High | An essential component of the thyroid hormones T3 and T4; required for normal metabolic rate, healthy growth, and neurological development. |
| MolybdenumCAS 7439-98-7 | Mo; Molybdenum ion | Minerals (Trace Mineral) | LentilsLens culinaris | Seed | High | A cofactor for several enzymes including xanthine oxidase and sulfite oxidase; essential for normal purine catabolism and sulfur amino acid metabolism. |
| SiliconCAS 7440-21-3 | Si; Soluble silica; Orthosilicic acid | Minerals (Trace Mineral) | HorsetailEquisetum arvense | Stems | Moderate | Studied for its potential role in supporting collagen synthesis and normal bone and connective tissue formation; may contribute to healthy hair and nail strength. |
| BoronCAS 7440-42-8 | B; Borate | Minerals (Trace Mineral) | AvocadoPersea americana | Fruit | Moderate | Studied for its potential to support normal bone metabolism by influencing the utilisation of calcium, magnesium, and Vitamin D; may contribute to healthy hormonal balance. |
| VanadiumCAS 7440-62-2 | V; Vanadyl ion; VOSO4 | Minerals (Trace Mineral) | DillAnethum graveolens | Leaves | Emerging | A trace element studied in early-stage research for its potential to mimic insulin signalling and support healthy bone mineral density; human evidence remains limited. |
| NickelCAS 7440-02-0 | Ni; Nickel ion | Minerals (Trace Mineral) | BuckwheatFagopyrum esculentum | Seed | Emerging | A trace element found in some urease and hydrogenase enzymes; studied for its minor role in gut microbiome metabolism. High dietary intake may cause sensitivity in some individuals. |
| LithiumCAS 7439-93-2 | Li; Lithium ion | Minerals (Trace Mineral) | CabbageBrassica oleracea | Leaves | Emerging | Present in trace amounts in many plant foods; studied for its potential role in neuroprotection and emotional resilience at physiological dietary levels. Pharmacological doses are used clinically under medical supervision. |
| GermaniumCAS 7440-56-4 | Ge; Organic germanium | Minerals (Trace Mineral) | GinsengPanax ginseng | Root | Emerging | An ultra-trace element found in some medicinal plants; studied in early-stage research for potential immunomodulatory properties. Evidence in humans is very limited. |
| StrontiumCAS 7440-24-6 | Sr; Strontium ion | Minerals (Trace Mineral) | Wheat BranTriticum aestivum | Outer Layer | Moderate | A trace element chemically similar to calcium; studied for its potential to support bone mineral density and skeletal tissue repair at physiological intake levels. |
| CobaltCAS 7440-48-4 | Co; Cobalt ion | Minerals (Trace Mineral) | PeasPisum sativum | Seed | High | An essential component of Vitamin B12 (cobalamin); dietary cobalt supports the enzymatic functions of B12 in red blood cell formation and neurological health. |
| FluorideCAS 16984-48-8 | F-; Fluoride ion | Minerals (Trace Mineral) | Green TeaCamellia sinensis | Leaves | High | Naturally present in plant foods and drinking water; supports the remineralisation of tooth enamel and may help prevent dental caries at appropriate intake levels. |
| RubidiumCAS 7440-17-7 | Rb; Rubidium ion | Minerals (Trace Mineral) | Coffee BeanCoffea arabica | Bean | Emerging | An ultra-trace element that may interact with potassium transport systems; studied in early-stage research for potential contributions to healthy cardiovascular electrical function. |
| CesiumCAS 7440-46-2 | Cs; Caesium ion | Minerals (Trace Mineral) | SpinachSpinacia oleracea | Leaves | Emerging | An ultra-trace element present in very small quantities in plant foods; studied for its interaction with potassium channels at physiological trace levels. Not to be confused with pharmacological cesium applications. |
| MINERAL FACTORS | ||||||
| FerritinCAS 9007-73-2 | Plant Ferritin; Phytoferritin | Mineral Factor (Iron Storage Protein) | SoybeanGlycine max | Seed | Moderate | The iron-storage protein found in plant seeds; studied as a potentially more stomach-friendly form of plant-derived iron with moderate bioavailability. |
| Inositol HexaphosphateCAS 83-86-3 | IP6; Phytic acid; InsP6; E391 | Mineral Factor (Phosphate Ester) | Rice BranOryza sativa | Bran | Moderate | A naturally occurring phosphorylated inositol studied for its potential antioxidant properties and ability to chelate iron in the gut; context-dependent effects on mineral absorption and cellular signalling. |
| AMINO ACIDS — PROTEINOGENIC | ||||||
| GlycineCAS 56-40-6 | Aminoacetic acid; Glycocoll | Proteins (Amino Acid / Non-essential) | SoybeanGlycine max | Seed | Moderate | The dominant residue of collagen and a substrate for glutathione and creatine synthesis; may support sleep quality and connective tissue repair. |
| L-ArginineCAS 74-79-3 | Arg; R | Proteins (Amino Acid / Conditionally essential) | Pumpkin SeedsCucurbita pepo | Seed | Moderate | The direct substrate for nitric oxide synthase; oral delivery is limited by intestinal and hepatic arginase first-pass metabolism. |
| L-CysteineCAS 52-90-4 | Cys; C | Proteins (Amino Acid / Conditionally essential) | SoybeanGlycine max | Seed | Moderate | The rate-limiting substrate for glutathione synthesis; the free thiol oxidises readily to cystine on exposure to air. |
| L-GlutamineCAS 56-85-9 | Gln; Q; Levoglutamide | Proteins (Amino Acid / Conditionally essential) | CabbageBrassica oleracea | Leaves | Moderate | The primary oxidative fuel of the intestinal mucosa; becomes conditionally essential during catabolic stress. |
| L-HistidineCAS 71-00-1 | His; H | Proteins (Amino Acid / Essential) | BuckwheatFagopyrum esculentum | Seed | Moderate | The precursor of carnosine and of histamine; essential in infancy and conditionally essential in adults. |
| L-LeucineCAS 61-90-5 | Leu; L | Proteins (Amino Acid / Essential, branched-chain) | SoybeanGlycine max | Seed | Moderate | The branched-chain amino acid that triggers mTORC1 signalling for muscle protein synthesis; poorly water-soluble. |
| L-LysineCAS 56-87-1 | Lys; K | Proteins (Amino Acid / Essential) | LentilsLens culinaris | Seed | High | The first limiting amino acid in cereal protein and a required substrate for collagen crosslinking and carnitine synthesis. |
| L-TyrosineCAS 60-18-4 | Tyr; Y; 4-Hydroxyphenylalanine | Proteins (Amino Acid / Conditionally essential) | Pumpkin SeedsCucurbita pepo | Seed | Moderate | The precursor of dopamine, noradrenaline and thyroid hormone; the least water-soluble proteinogenic amino acid. |
| AMINO ACIDS — NON-PROTEINOGENIC & DERIVATIVES | ||||||
| Beta-AlanineCAS 107-95-9 | 3-Aminopropanoic acid | Proteins (Amino Acid / Non-proteinogenic) | AsparagusAsparagus officinalis | Spear | High | The rate-limiting precursor of muscle carnosine; loading over four to ten weeks raises intramuscular buffering capacity. |
| L-CitrullineCAS 372-75-8 | 2-Amino-5-(carbamoylamino)pentanoic acid | Proteins (Amino Acid / Non-proteinogenic) | WatermelonCitrullus lanatus | Fruit & Rind | High | Bypasses intestinal arginase to raise plasma arginine more effectively per gram than arginine itself. |
| L-TheanineCAS 3081-61-6 | N-Ethyl-L-glutamine | Proteins (Amino Acid / Non-proteinogenic) | Green TeaCamellia sinensis | Leaves | Moderate | Studied for its contribution to relaxed alertness, particularly in combination with caffeine. |
| TaurineCAS 107-35-7 | 2-Aminoethanesulfonic acid | Proteins (Amino Acid Derivative / Sulfonic) | Red AlgaePalmaria palmata | Thallus | Moderate | A conditionally essential sulfonic amino acid in bile acid conjugation, osmoregulation and cardiac function; largely absent from land plants. |
| Creatine MonohydrateCAS 6020-87-7 | Methylguanidinoacetic acid monohydrate | Proteins (Amino Acid Derivative / Guanidino) | Vertebrate MuscleVarious | Skeletal Muscle | High | Supports phosphocreatine resynthesis for short-duration high-intensity work; the most extensively trialled ergogenic ingredient available. |
| N-Acetyl-L-CysteineCAS 616-91-1 | NAC; Acetylcysteine | Proteins (Amino Acid Derivative / Acetylated) | Semi-synthetic from L-Cysteine | — | Moderate | An acetylated cysteine prodrug used to raise glutathione; the acetyl group protects the thiol through absorption. |
| N,N-Dimethylglycine HClCAS 2491-06-7 | DMG HCl; Dimethylglycine | Proteins (Amino Acid Derivative / Methylated) | BeansPhaseolus vulgaris | Seed | Emerging | An intermediate of choline and betaine catabolism; studied in early work for exercise and immune endpoints. |
| PEPTIDES | ||||||
| L-CarnosineCAS 305-84-0 | Beta-alanyl-L-histidine | Proteins (Dipeptide) | Vertebrate MuscleVarious | Skeletal Muscle | Moderate | A histidine dipeptide acting as an intracellular pH buffer and carbonyl scavenger in skeletal muscle. |
| L-GlutathioneCAS 70-18-8 | GSH; gamma-Glu-Cys-Gly | Proteins (Tripeptide) | AsparagusAsparagus officinalis | Spear | Moderate | The principal endogenous intracellular antioxidant; oral bioavailability of the intact tripeptide remains debated. |
| PROTEINS — ANIMAL-DERIVED | ||||||
| CollagenCAS 9007-34-5 | Collagen peptides; Gelatin hydrolysate | Proteins (Structural / Fibrous) | Bovine HideBos taurus | Hide & Bone | Moderate | A glycine- and proline-rich structural protein; hydrolysed peptides such as Pro-Hyp appear in circulation and may act as signalling fragments. |
| Colostrum | Bovine colostrum; First milk | Proteins (Immune Complex) | Bovine ColostrumBos taurus | First-Milking Colostrum | Emerging | Carries immunoglobulins, lactoferrin and growth factors; studied for gut barrier and upper respiratory endpoints. |
| LactoferrinCAS 146897-68-9 | Lactotransferrin; LF | Proteins (Glycoprotein / Iron-binding) | Bovine MilkBos taurus | Whey | Moderate | An iron-binding glycoprotein with iron-sequestering antimicrobial activity; heat-labile, so processing conditions determine retention. |
| Egg IgY | Immunoglobulin Y; Avian IgY | Proteins (Immunoglobulin) | Hen Egg YolkGallus gallus | Yolk | Emerging | The avian analogue of mammalian IgG; activity depends on whether the laying flock was specifically immunised. |
| Immunoglobulin Y | IgY; Egg yolk immunoglobulin | Proteins (Immunoglobulin) | Hen Egg YolkGallus gallus | Yolk | Emerging | Heat- and acid-labile avian immunoglobulin; requires enteric protection for any intended intestinal activity. |
| Royal Jelly | Apilak; 10-HDA source | Proteins (Glandular Secretion) | Honeybee SecretionApis mellifera | Hypopharyngeal Gland | Emerging | A protein- and lipid-rich secretion standardised on 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid; a recognised allergen requiring declaration. |
| CARBOHYDRATES — POLYSACCHARIDES & OLIGOSACCHARIDES | ||||||
| Aloe Polysaccharides | Acemannan; Aloe mucilage | Carbohydrates (Polysaccharide / Acetylated mannan) | Aloe VeraAloe barbadensis | Leaf Inner Gel | Moderate | Acetylated mannans standardised by degree of acetylation; aloin must be controlled separately as an anthraquinone limit. |
| LBP Polysaccharides | Lycium barbarum polysaccharides | Carbohydrates (Polysaccharide / Arabinogalactan) | Goji BerryLycium barbarum | Fruit | Emerging | Arabinogalactan-protein complexes studied for immune and ocular endpoints; molecular weight distribution is not standardised across suppliers. |
| Polysaccharides | Total polysaccharides; Crude polysaccharide | Carbohydrates (Polysaccharide / Class entry) | Various PlantsVarious | Various | Moderate | A class assay rather than a compound; total-polysaccharide figures include alpha-glucans from substrate and are not interchangeable with beta-glucan content. |
| FOS | Fructooligosaccharides; Oligofructose | Carbohydrates (Oligosaccharide / Prebiotic) | ChicoryCichorium intybus | Root | High | Short-chain fructans fermented by colonic bifidobacteria; dose-dependent gastrointestinal tolerance limits inclusion. |
| Hyaluronic AcidCAS 9004-61-9 | Sodium hyaluronate; Hyaluronan | Carbohydrates (Glycosaminoglycan) | Bacterial FermentationStreptococcus zooepidemicus | Culture Broth | Moderate | Molecular weight governs behaviour: high weight films on the surface, low weight penetrates; ingested polymer is depolymerised to fragments. |
| LIPIDS | ||||||
| EPA / DHA Omega-3CAS 10417-94-4 / 6217-54-5 | Eicosapentaenoic acid; Docosahexaenoic acid | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Long-chain omega-3) | Marine AlgaeSchizochytrium spp. | Whole Cell | High | The long-chain omega-3 fatty acids; oxidation markers rather than assay are the governing quality specification. |
| Omega-6 Fatty Acids | Linoleic acid; GLA; Arachidonic acid | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Omega-6) | Evening PrimroseOenothera biennis | Seed Oil | Moderate | Essential fatty acids competing with omega-3 for desaturase enzymes; the ratio rather than absolute intake is the formulation variable. |
| Phytosterols | Plant sterols; Sterol esters | Lipids (Sterol / Class entry) | Soybean OilGlycine max | Seed Oil | High | Compete with cholesterol for micellar incorporation; an authorised cholesterol-lowering claim exists at defined daily intakes. |
| PregnenoloneCAS 145-13-1 | 3-beta-Hydroxypregn-5-en-20-one | Lipids (Steroid / Prohormone) | Endogenous Steroid | — | Emerging | The committed precursor of all steroid hormones; not obtainable from wild yam, which supplies diosgenin that humans do not convert. |
| VITAMINS | ||||||
| BiotinCAS 58-85-5 | Vitamin B7; Vitamin H | Vitamins (Vitamin B) | SoybeansGlycine max | Seed | High | A carboxylase coenzyme; interferes with streptavidin-biotin immunoassays at supplemental doses, a documented clinical reporting hazard. |
| Folate / Folic AcidCAS 59-30-3 | Vitamin B9; Pteroylglutamic acid | Vitamins (Vitamin B) | LentilsLens culinaris | Seed | High | Required for one-carbon metabolism and DNA synthesis; folic acid is the synthetic vitamer and is more bioavailable than food folate. |
| NiacinCAS 59-67-6 | Vitamin B3; Nicotinic acid; Nicotinamide | Vitamins (Vitamin B) | PeanutsArachis hypogaea | Seed | High | The NAD and NADP precursor; nicotinic acid produces a prostaglandin-mediated flush that nicotinamide does not. |
| Pyridoxal 5'-PhosphateCAS 54-47-7 | P5P; PLP; Active B6 | Vitamins (Vitamin B / Active vitamer) | ChickpeasCicer arietinum | Seed | High | The active B6 cofactor for over a hundred enzymes; dephosphorylated in the intestine before absorption and rephosphorylated after. |
| Vitamin B Complex | B-complex; B vitamins | Vitamins (Vitamin B / Class entry) | Nutritional YeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae | Whole Cell | High | A class entry rather than a compound; vitamer and salt form decide the specification for each constituent. |
| Vitamin B12CAS 68-19-9 | Cobalamin; Cyanocobalamin; Methylcobalamin | Vitamins (Vitamin B) | Bacterial FermentationPropionibacterium freudenreichii | Culture Broth | High | Required for methionine synthase and methylmalonyl-CoA mutase; absent from plants, so plant-based diets need a fortified or supplemental source. |
| Vitamin D3CAS 67-97-0 | Cholecalciferol | Vitamins (Fat-soluble secosteroid) | LichenCladonia rangiferina | Thallus | High | The secosteroid hydroxylated to calcidiol then calcitriol; lichen-derived material is the vegan alternative to lanolin. |
| Vitamin ECAS 59-02-9 | Alpha-tocopherol; Tocopherols; Tocotrienols | Vitamins (Fat-soluble / Tocochromanol) | Wheat GermTriticum aestivum | Germ | High | A lipid-phase chain-breaking antioxidant protecting membrane polyunsaturated fatty acids from peroxidation. |
| Vitamin K2-MK7CAS 2124-57-4 | Menaquinone-7; MK-7 | Vitamins (Fat-soluble / Menaquinone) | NattoBacillus subtilis natto | Fermented Soybean | High | Carboxylates osteocalcin and matrix Gla protein; the long half-life of MK-7 distinguishes it from MK-4 and from K1. |
| BenfotiamineCAS 22457-89-2 | S-Benzoylthiamine O-monophosphate | Vitamins (Vitamin B / Synthetic derivative) | Synthetic Thiamine Derivative | — | Moderate | A lipid-soluble thiamine derivative that bypasses the saturable THTR transport limiting oral thiamine absorption. |
| VITAMIN-LIKE FACTORS & NUCLEOSIDES | ||||||
| Alpha-Lipoic AcidCAS 1077-28-7 | ALA; Thioctic acid | Vitamin-like Factor (Dithiol cofactor) | SpinachSpinacia oleracea | Leaves | Moderate | A mitochondrial dehydrogenase cofactor and amphipathic redox agent; the R-enantiomer is the biologically active form. |
| Coenzyme Q10CAS 303-98-0 | Ubiquinone; Ubidecarenone; CoQ10 | Vitamin-like Factor (Benzoquinone) | SpinachSpinacia oleracea | Leaves | Moderate | The mitochondrial electron carrier between complexes I and III; poorly absorbed without a lipid vehicle. |
| MelatoninCAS 73-31-8 | N-Acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine | Vitamin-like Factor (Indoleamine) | Tart CherryPrunus cerasus | Fruit | High | The pineal chronobiotic entraining circadian phase; regulated as a medicine in several markets. |
| AdenosineCAS 58-61-7 | 9-beta-D-Ribofuranosyladenine | Nucleosides (Purine) | CordycepsCordyceps militaris | Fruiting Body | Emerging | A purine nucleoside and standardisation marker for Cordyceps; its receptor antagonism by caffeine underlies caffeine’s stimulant effect. |
| MINERALS & ORGANIC ACIDS | ||||||
| SilicaCAS 7631-86-9 | Silicon dioxide; Orthosilicic acid; E551 | Minerals (Trace Mineral) | HorsetailEquisetum arvense | Stems | Moderate | Studied for connective tissue and bone endpoints; bioavailability depends on conversion to soluble orthosilicic acid. |
| Malic AcidCAS 6915-15-7 | Hydroxybutanedioic acid; E296 | Organic Acids (Dicarboxylic / TCA intermediate) | AppleMalus domestica | Fruit | Moderate | A tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediate used as an acidulant and as a salt counter-ion in citrulline and carnitine forms. |
| AMINO ACIDS — ESSENTIAL (CONTINUED) | ||||||
| L-IsoleucineCAS 73-32-5 | Ile; I | Proteins (Amino Acid / Essential, branched-chain) | SoybeanGlycine max | Seed | Moderate | Branched-chain amino acid with two chiral centres; both glucogenic and ketogenic, unlike leucine or valine. |
| L-ValineCAS 72-18-4 | Val; V | Proteins (Amino Acid / Essential, branched-chain) | SoybeanGlycine max | Seed | Moderate | Purely glucogenic branched-chain amino acid; the 2:1:1 BCAA ratio is convention rather than a dose-ranging result. |
| L-MethionineCAS 63-68-3 | Met; M | Proteins (Amino Acid / Essential, sulphur) | Brazil NutBertholletia excelsa | Nut Kernel | High | The principal methyl donor via S-adenosylmethionine; limiting amino acid in legume protein, and generates homocysteine on catabolism. |
| L-ThreonineCAS 72-19-5 | Thr; T | Proteins (Amino Acid / Essential) | LentilsLens culinaris | Seed | High | Exceptionally abundant in intestinal mucin; the gut extracts a large share on first pass. |
| L-PhenylalanineCAS 63-91-2 | Phe; F | Proteins (Amino Acid / Essential, aromatic) | SoybeanGlycine max | Seed | High | Tyrosine and catecholamine precursor; carries a mandatory phenylketonuria declaration in most markets. |
| L-TryptophanCAS 73-22-3 | Trp; W | Proteins (Amino Acid / Essential, aromatic) | Pumpkin SeedsCucurbita pepo | Seed | High | Around 95% of catabolism runs to NAD⁺ via kynurenine; roughly 60 mg equates to 1 mg niacin equivalent. |
| DL-TryptophanCAS 54-12-6 | Racemic tryptophan | Proteins (Amino Acid / Racemate) | Chemical Synthesis | — | Moderate | The D-isomer converts only partially, and food use of the racemate is restricted in many markets. |
| DL-MethionineCAS 59-51-8 | Racemic methionine | Proteins (Amino Acid / Racemate) | Chemical Synthesis | — | High | Unusually, the D-isomer converts efficiently in liver and kidney, so the racemate carries real nutritional value. |
| AMINO ACIDS — NON-ESSENTIAL & NON-PROTEINOGENIC (CONTINUED) | ||||||
| L-SerineCAS 56-45-1 | Ser; S | Proteins (Amino Acid / Non-essential) | SoybeanGlycine max | Seed | High | The principal one-carbon donor to tetrahydrofolate and the committed precursor of the entire sphingolipid class. |
| L-ProlineCAS 147-85-3 | Pro; P | Proteins (Imino Acid / Non-essential) | Wheat GlutenTriticum aestivum | Endosperm | High | The ring-constrained backbone that makes the collagen triple helix geometrically possible; markedly hygroscopic. |
| L-AlanineCAS 56-41-7 | Ala; A | Proteins (Amino Acid / Non-essential) | SoybeanGlycine max | Seed | High | Principal nitrogen carrier of the glucose-alanine cycle; distinct from beta-alanine, with no carnosine role. |
| DL-AlanineCAS 302-72-7 | Racemic alanine | Proteins (Amino Acid / Racemate) | Chemical Synthesis | — | High | A sweet-tasting taste modifier rather than a nutrient; sweetness perception is not stereospecific. |
| L-Aspartic AcidCAS 56-84-8 | Asp; D | Proteins (Amino Acid / Non-essential, acidic) | AsparagusAsparagus officinalis | Spear | High | Donates the second urea nitrogen and carries reducing equivalents in the malate-aspartate shuttle; aspartame feedstock. |
| D-Aspartic AcidCAS 1783-96-6 | DAA; D-Asp | Proteins (Amino Acid / D-enantiomer) | Endogenous Neuroendocrine Tissue | — | Emerging | A genuine endogenous signalling molecule; the testosterone claim failed replication, with one trial finding a decrease at 6 g. |
| L-Glutamic AcidCAS 56-86-0 | Glu; E; Glutamate | Proteins (Amino Acid / Non-essential, acidic) | KombuSaccharina japonica | Thallus | High | The central node of amino acid nitrogen metabolism and the umami taste compound; distinct from monosodium glutamate. |
| L-Asparagine MonohydrateCAS 5794-13-2 | Asn; N | Proteins (Amino Acid / Non-essential, amide) | AsparagusAsparagus officinalis | Spear | High | The limiting precursor of acrylamide in heated foods; the N-linked glycosylation attachment point. |
| L-HydroxyprolineCAS 51-35-4 | Hyp; trans-4-Hydroxy-L-proline | Proteins (Imino Acid / Non-proteinogenic) | Gelatin HydrolysateBos taurus | Hide & Bone | High | Made post-translationally on proline already in the collagen chain, so free hydroxyproline cannot be incorporated. |
| L-OrnithineCAS 70-26-8 | Orn | Proteins (Amino Acid / Non-proteinogenic) | Endogenous Urea Cycle | — | Moderate | The urea cycle carrier, regenerated rather than consumed; committed precursor of the polyamines. |
| L-NorvalineCAS 6600-40-4 | 2-Aminopentanoic acid | Proteins (Amino Acid / Non-proteinogenic) | Chemical Synthesis | — | Emerging | Inhibits arginase in vitro; no human efficacy evidence and an unresolved cell-toxicity signal. |
| L-Pyroglutamic AcidCAS 98-79-8 | PCA; 5-Oxo-L-proline | Proteins (Amino Acid Derivative / Lactam) | Human Stratum Corneum | — | High | A major constituent of the skin natural moisturising factor; the standard degradation marker for glutamine and glutamate. |
| N-Acetyl-L-TyrosineCAS 537-55-3 | NALT | Proteins (Amino Acid Derivative / Acetylated) | Acetylation of L-Tyrosine | — | High | Far more soluble than tyrosine but poorly deacetylated, so it raises plasma tyrosine less per gram. |
| L-DOPACAS 59-92-0 | Levodopa; 3,4-Dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine | Proteins (Amino Acid / Non-proteinogenic) | Velvet BeanMucuna pruriens | Seed | High | The immediate dopamine precursor crossing the blood-brain barrier; a registered medicine in most markets. |
| AMINO ACID SALT FORMS | ||||||
| L-Arginine HClCAS 1119-34-2 | Arginine hydrochloride | Proteins (Amino Acid Salt / Hydrochloride) | Acidified L-Arginine | — | High | 82.7% free base; drops solution pH from above 10.5 into the workable 5 to 6.5 range for liquids. |
| L-Arginine L-AspartateCAS 7675-83-4 | Arginine aspartate | Proteins (Amino Acid Salt / Aspartate) | Combined Amino Acid Ions | — | High | 56.7% arginine; chloride-free and near-neutral in solution, with both ions in the urea cycle. |
| L-Arginine Alpha-KetoglutarateCAS 16856-18-1 | AAKG | Proteins (Amino Acid Salt / Ketoglutarate) | Combined Ions | — | High | 70.5% arginine at the 2:1 ratio; controlled performance trials returned null results. |
| L-Lysine HClCAS 657-27-2 | Lysine hydrochloride | Proteins (Amino Acid Salt / Hydrochloride) | Acidified L-Lysine | — | High | Exactly 80% free base; feed declares lysine on a free-base basis while supplement labelling does not agree. |
| L-Lysine AcetateCAS 57282-49-2 | Lysine acetate | Proteins (Amino Acid Salt / Acetate) | Neutralised L-Lysine | — | High | 70.9% free base; acetate is metabolised to bicarbonate, making it base- rather than acid-generating. |
| L-Cysteine HCl MonohydrateCAS 7048-04-6 | Cysteine hydrochloride monohydrate | Proteins (Amino Acid Salt / Hydrochloride) | Acidified L-Cysteine | — | High | 69.0% free base; the low solution pH suppresses thiol oxidation to cystine. Food additive E920. |
| L-Ornithine HClCAS 3184-13-2 | Ornithine hydrochloride | Proteins (Amino Acid Salt / Hydrochloride) | Acidified L-Ornithine | — | High | 78.4% free base; the free base deliquesces, and the chloride fraction is the highest of the series. |
| L-Ornithine L-AspartateCAS 3230-94-2 | LOLA | Proteins (Amino Acid Salt / Aspartate) | Combined Amino Acid Ions | — | Moderate | 49.8% ornithine; a dual hepatic and muscle ammonia route, and a registered medicine in several markets. |
| L-Citrulline DL-MalateCAS 54940-97-5 | Citrulline malate | Proteins (Amino Acid Salt / Malate) | Combined Ions | — | Moderate | The undeclared 2:1 or 1:1 ratio swings citrulline content from 72.3% to 56.6%. |
| Magnesium AspartateCAS 2068-80-6 | Mg aspartate | Minerals (Organic Magnesium Salt) | Reaction with L-Aspartic Acid | — | High | Only 7.5 to 8.4% elemental magnesium, the lowest of the common salts; 300 mg of magnesium needs 3.6 g of salt. |
| CARNITINE & CREATINE FORMS | ||||||
| L-CarnitineCAS 541-15-1 | Levocarnitine | Proteins (Quaternary Amine / Conditionally essential) | Vertebrate MuscleVarious | Skeletal Muscle | High | Mitochondrial long-chain fatty acid carrier; the free base deliquesces and D-carnitine inhibits its transport. |
| L-Carnitine L-TartrateCAS 36687-82-8 | LCLT | Proteins (Carnitine Salt / Tartrate) | Combined with L-Tartaric Acid | — | High | 68.2% carnitine and non-hygroscopic — the reason dry carnitine formats are possible at all. |
| L-Carnitine FumarateCAS 90471-79-7 | Carnitine fumarate | Proteins (Carnitine Salt / Fumarate) | Combined with Fumaric Acid | — | High | 58.1% carnitine with an achiral, non-wine-derived counter-ion that is itself a TCA intermediate. |
| N-Acetyl-L-Carnitine HClCAS 5080-50-2 | ALCAR HCl | Proteins (Carnitine Derivative / Acetyl ester) | Acetylation of L-Carnitine | — | Moderate | Crosses the blood-brain barrier where carnitine does not, and donates acetyl groups to the acetyl-CoA pool. |
| Creatine HClCAS 17050-09-8 | Creatine hydrochloride | Proteins (Creatine Salt / Hydrochloride) | Acidified Synthetic Creatine | — | High | 78.2% creatine against monohydrate 87.9%; the solubility advantage is real, the lower-dose claim is not. |
| VITAMINS & VITAMERS (CONTINUED) | ||||||
| ThiamineCAS 67-03-8 | Vitamin B1; Thiamine HCl | Vitamins (Vitamin B) | Sunflower SeedsHelianthus annuus | Seed | High | Least heat-stable B vitamin, worsening as pH rises, and destroyed outright by sulphites. |
| RiboflavinCAS 83-88-5 | Vitamin B2; E101 | Vitamins (Vitamin B) | AlmondsPrunus dulcis | Nut Kernel | High | Strongly photolabile, and its degradation product lumiflavin oxidises any vitamin C present. |
| PyridoxineCAS 58-56-0 | Vitamin B6; Pyridoxine HCl | Vitamins (Vitamin B) | ChickpeasCicer arietinum | Seed | High | The only water-soluble vitamin with a neurotoxicity-based upper limit; EFSA revised it to 12 mg/day in 2023. |
| Pantothenic AcidCAS 79-83-4 | Vitamin B5; Calcium pantothenate | Vitamins (Vitamin B) | AvocadoPersea americana | Fruit | High | The free acid is a hygroscopic oil, so calcium D-pantothenate is the article; only the D-form is active. |
| Vitamin ACAS 68-26-8 | Retinol; Retinyl palmitate | Vitamins (Fat-soluble Retinoid) | CarrotDaucus carota | Root | High | Preformed retinol is teratogenic at high intake; provitamin A carotenoids are not, their conversion being regulated. |
| Nicotinamide MononucleotideCAS 1094-61-7 | NMN; beta-NMN | Nucleotides (Pyridine / NAD⁺ precursor) | Enzymatic Synthesis | — | Emerging | A direct NAD⁺ precursor; treated by the FDA as excluded from the supplement definition and not an EU novel food. |
| LIPIDS & STRUCTURAL MATERIALS (CONTINUED) | ||||||
| DHACAS 6217-54-5 | Docosahexaenoic acid; 22:6 n-3 | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Long-chain omega-3) | Marine AlgaeSchizochytrium spp. | Whole Cell | High | Dominant fatty acid of retinal photoreceptor membranes; six double bonds make oxidation specification mandatory. |
| Soy PhosphatidylcholineCAS 8002-43-5 | Soy lecithin PC | Lipids (Phospholipid) | SoybeanGlycine max | Seed Oil | Moderate | The principal liposome-forming phospholipid; phosphatidylcholine content rather than lecithin weight is the specification. |
| Policosanol | Long-chain aliphatic alcohols | Lipids (Fatty Alcohol Mixture) | Sugar CaneSaccharum officinarum | Wax | Emerging | Cuban trials reported lipid effects that independent replication outside Cuba has not confirmed. |
| Saw Palmetto Fatty Acids | Serenoa lipidosterolic extract | Lipids (Free Fatty Acid Complex) | Saw PalmettoSerenoa repens | Fruit | Moderate | Standardised on total free fatty acids; the hexane and CO₂ extracts differ materially in composition. |
| Avocado-Soybean Unsaponifiables | ASU | Lipids (Unsaponifiable Sterol Fraction) | Avocado & SoybeanPersea americana | Fruit & Seed Oil | Moderate | A one-third avocado to two-thirds soybean unsaponifiable fraction studied for joint comfort endpoints. |
| Eggshell Membrane Collagen | ESM; Natural eggshell membrane | Proteins (Structural Matrix) | Hen Eggshell MembraneGallus gallus | Membrane | Moderate | A native collagen and glycosaminoglycan matrix rather than a hydrolysate; joint trials used 500 mg of whole membrane. |
| PhycocyaninCAS 11016-15-2 | C-Phycocyanin; Spirulina blue | Proteins (Phycobiliprotein) | SpirulinaArthrospira platensis | Whole Cell | Moderate | A blue phycobiliprotein used as both colourant and antioxidant active; heat- and light-labile. |
| Fulvic AcidCAS 479-66-3 | Shilajit fulvic fraction | Organic Acids (Humic Substance) | ShilajitHumic Exudate | Rock Exudate | Emerging | A heterogeneous humic fraction rather than a defined compound; heavy metal specification is the governing control. |
| Hydroxycitric AcidCAS 6205-14-7 | HCA; Garcinia HCA | Organic Acids (Tricarboxylic) | Malabar TamarindGarcinia cambogia | Fruit Rind | Emerging | An ATP-citrate lyase inhibitor in vitro; human weight outcomes are small and inconsistent. |
| AcemannanCAS 110042-95-0 | Aloe acetylated mannan | Carbohydrates (Polysaccharide / Acetylated mannan) | Aloe VeraAloe barbadensis | Leaf Inner Gel | Moderate | Standardised by degree of acetylation; aloin must be limited separately as an anthraquinone control. |