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| // PRIMARY METABOLITES: CELLULAR INFRASTRUCTURE | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Compound | Also Known As | Class (Sub-class) | Plant Source | Botanical Name | Plant Part | CAS No. | Claim Strength | Primary Biological Action |
| MONOSACCHARIDES | ||||||||
| D-Glucose | Dextrose; Blood Sugar; Corn Sugar | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | Sugar Cane | Saccharum officinarum | Stem | 50-99-7 | High | The fundamental source of fast-acting fuel for the human brain and muscle tissues. |
| D-Fructose | Levulose; Fruit Sugar | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | Apple | Malus domestica | Fruit | 57-48-7 | Moderate | A natural sweetener that provides energy with a lower immediate insulin spike than glucose alone. |
| D-Galactose | Brain Sugar; Cerebrose | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | Soybean | Glycine max | Seed | 59-23-4 | Moderate | Supports the health of human nerve cells and is a component of healthy cell-to-cell communication. |
| D-Mannose | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | Guar Bean | Cyamopsis tetragonoloba | Seed | 3458-28-4 | High | Widely used to support urinary tract health by preventing harmful bacteria from adhering to the bladder wall. |
| D-Xylose | Wood Sugar; Birch Sugar | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | Birch Tree | Betula spp. | Wood | 58-86-6 | Moderate | A low-calorie sugar used in wellness products to support healthy gut fermentation. |
| L-Arabinose | Pectin Sugar; Gum Sugar | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | Sugar Beet | Beta vulgaris | Root | 5328-37-0 | Moderate | Helps manage blood sugar by inhibiting the enzyme that breaks down sucrose in the small intestine. |
| D-Ribose | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | All Plants | N/A | Every Cell | 50-69-1 | Moderate | Supports heart health and athletic recovery by helping the body replenish its cellular energy (ATP) reserves. |
| 2-Deoxy-D-ribose | Deoxyribose; DNA Sugar | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | All Plants | N/A | Nucleus | 533-67-5 | High | The essential sugar found in every human cell that forms the backbone of our entire genetic code (DNA). |
| Glyceraldehyde | D-Glyceraldehyde; Glyceral | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | Spinach | Spinacia oleracea | Chloroplast | 56-82-6 | Emerging | A metabolic intermediate that researchers study to understand how humans process and convert dietary sugars. |
| Dihydroxyacetone | DHA; Glycerone | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | Spinach | Spinacia oleracea | Chloroplast | 96-26-4 | Moderate | Studied for its role in cellular metabolism and widely used in topical wellness products for skin-toning. |
| D-Erythrose | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | Various Plants | N/A | Leaves | 583-50-6 | Emerging | A precursor for essential aromatic amino acids that must be obtained through a plant-rich diet. |
| D-Threose | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | Various Plants | N/A | Leaves | 95-43-2 | Emerging | A rare four-carbon sugar that serves as a biochemical research tool for studying carbohydrate metabolism. |
| D-Ribulose | D-Erythro-2-pentulose | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | All Plants | N/A | Chloroplast | 488-84-6 | Emerging | A foundational photosynthetic molecule in the plants we eat, enabling them to convert CO₂ into food. |
| D-Xylulose | D-threo-2-Pentulose | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | Various Plants | N/A | Leaves | 551-84-8 | Emerging | Supports the efficient recycling of carbon through key pentose phosphate metabolic pathways. |
| D-Sedoheptulose | Sedoheptulose | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | Stonecrop | Sedum spectabile | Leaves | — | Emerging | May help regulate human energy metabolism; being studied for potential anti-diabetic properties. |
| Mannoheptulose | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | Avocado | Persea americana | Fruit | — | Emerging | May help modulate insulin secretion; studied for potential weight management and caloric restriction benefits. |
| D-Allose | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | Protea Shrub | Protea rubropilosa | Leaves | 2595-97-3 | Emerging | A rare sugar with documented anti-inflammatory and early-stage anticancer properties in laboratory studies. |
| D-Altrose | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | Rare Varieties | N/A | Various | — | Emerging | A rare sugar used in medical research to develop new antimicrobial treatment strategies. |
| D-Gulose | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | Various Plants | N/A | Various | — | Emerging | A glucose isomer used as a research marker for studying sugar transport mechanisms in human cells. |
| L-Idose | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | Various Plants | N/A | Various | — | Emerging | A trace sugar used to understand the complex fiber structures in dietary plants that promote gut health. |
| D-Talose | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | Various Plants | N/A | Various | — | Emerging | Supports biochemical research into how human cells recognize and bind to different sugar configurations. |
| D-Psicose (Allulose) | Allulose; D-Allulose; Rare Sugar | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | Wheat | Triticum aestivum | Grains | 551-68-8 | Moderate | A low-calorie sweetener that does not raise blood sugar and may help reduce visceral fat accumulation. |
| L-Sorbose | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | Mountain Ash | Sorbus aucuparia | Berries | 87-79-6 | Emerging | A rare industrial-route precursor used in Vitamin C manufacturing; studied for its own low-glycemic properties. |
| D-Tagatose | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | Sterculia Gum | Sterculia urens | Exudate | 87-81-0 | Moderate | A prebiotic sugar that supports healthy weight and dental wellness without promoting tooth decay. |
| L-Fucose | 6-Deoxy-L-galactose | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | Rockcress | Arabidopsis thaliana | Cell Wall | 2438-80-4 | Moderate | Essential for human gut epithelial health and supports a strong, balanced innate immune response. |
| L-Rhamnose | 6-Deoxy-L-mannose; Isodulcit | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | Buckthorn | Rhamnus spp. | Bark | 3615-41-6 | Moderate | A component of complex dietary fibers that helps maintain a resilient and healthy gut lining. |
| D-Apiose | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | Parsley | Petroselinum crispum | Leaves | — | Emerging | A rare branched-chain sugar found in plant cell walls; studied for potential anti-inflammatory benefits. |
| L-Aceric Acid | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | Sycamore | Acer pseudoplatanus | Cell Wall | — | Emerging | A unique sugar component of complex dietary fibers; helps support a diverse and healthy gut microbiome. |
| D-Galacturonic Acid | Pectin Acid; GalA | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | Lemon | Citrus limon | Peel | 685-73-4 | Moderate | The primary structural unit of pectin, which binds dietary cholesterol and helps lower blood levels. |
| D-Glucuronic Acid | GlcA | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | Gum Arabic | Acacia senegal | Sap | 6556-12-3 | Moderate | Aids the body’s natural detoxification processes and supports connective tissue and joint health. |
| Kdo (Octulosonic Acid) | 3-Deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid; KDO | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | All Plants | N/A | Cell Wall | — | Emerging | Used in research to understand how beneficial gut bacteria interact with the human intestinal wall. |
| Dha (Heptulosaric Acid) | 3-Deoxy-D-lyxo-heptulosaric acid | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | Mosses | Physcomitrella patens | Cell Wall | — | Emerging | A trace sugar component that contributes to the structural diversity of dietary plant cell-wall fiber. |
| NUCLEOTIDE SUGARS & PHOSPHORYLATED FORMS | ||||||||
| D-Glucose-6-Phosphate | G6P; Glucose-6-phosphate; Robison Ester | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | All Plants | N/A | Every Cell | — | High | A vital metabolic intermediate through which cells convert dietary sugar into the energy used for all life functions. |
| Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphate | F1,6BP; Harden-Young Ester | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | All Plants | N/A | Every Cell | — | High | A high-energy glycolytic intermediate that keeps cellular metabolism running efficiently during physical exercise. |
| UDP-Glucose | Uridine Diphosphoglucose; UDPG | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | All Plants | N/A | Every Cell | — | Moderate | The activated sugar donor form used to build essential glycoproteins that support immune system function. |
| GDP-Mannose | Guanosine Diphosphate Mannose | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | All Plants | N/A | Every Cell | — | Moderate | Fundamental for building cell-surface proteins that help the immune system distinguish self from pathogen. |
| UDP-Galacturonic Acid | UDP-GalA | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | All Plants | N/A | Every Cell | — | Emerging | Studied by researchers to understand how plant fiber structures are built, informing improved fiber supplements. |
| ADP-Glucose | Adenosine Diphosphoglucose | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | All Plants | N/A | Plastid | — | Moderate | The key activated donor for all plant starch biosynthesis; determines whether a food acts as a fast or slow carb. |
| Quinovose | 6-Deoxyglucose | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | All Higher Plants | N/A | Chloroplast | — | Emerging | A crucial component of plant chloroplast membrane lipids that help maintain healthy human cell membrane fluidity. |
| AMINO SUGARS | ||||||||
| Glucosamine | 2-Amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose; GlcN; Chitosamine | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | Neem Tree | Azadirachta indica | Sap | 3416-24-8 | High | One of the most extensively validated supplements for protecting joint cartilage and reducing arthritis-related pain. |
| Galactosamine | 2-Amino-2-deoxy-D-galactose; GalN; Chondrosamine | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | Various Plants | N/A | Various | 7535-00-4 | Moderate | Supports the structural health of joints, tendons, and heart valves as a key amino sugar building unit. |
| Mannosamine | 2-Amino-2-deoxy-D-mannose; ManN | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | Various Plants | N/A | Various | — | Emerging | Used in research to develop new treatments for rare metabolic and immune-related disorders. |
| Rhamnosamine | 2-Amino-2-deoxy-L-rhamnose | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | Various Plants | N/A | Various | — | Emerging | A rare amino sugar studied for its role in healthy signaling of human intestinal epithelial cells. |
| Quinovosamine | 2-Amino-2-deoxy-D-quinovose | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | Various Plants | N/A | Various | — | Emerging | Serves as a biochemical marker in laboratory tests for detecting and monitoring healthy cellular development. |
| DEOXYGENATED SUGARS | ||||||||
| Abequose | 3,6-Dideoxy-D-galactose | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | Rare Varieties | N/A | Various | — | Emerging | Studied for its ability to help beneficial gut bacteria identify and colonize the human intestinal environment. |
| Tyvelose | 3,6-Dideoxy-D-arabino-hexose | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | Various Plants | N/A | Various | — | Emerging | A specialized surface sugar used to understand how the immune system recognizes and combats parasites. |
| Ascarylose | 3,6-Dideoxy-L-arabino-hexose | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | Various Plants | N/A | Various | — | Emerging | A trace sugar from rare plants used to study how human cells adapt to different environmental stresses. |
| Olivose | 2,6-Dideoxy-D-arabino-hexose | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | Various Plants | N/A | Various | — | Emerging | Found in natural plant antibiotics that protect against harmful bacterial overgrowth in the human body. |
| Amicetose | 2,3,6-Trideoxy-D-mannose | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Monosaccharide) | Various Plants | N/A | Various | — | Emerging | Contributes to the diversity of plant-derived deoxy sugars that support cellular defense mechanisms. |
| DISACCHARIDES | ||||||||
| Sucrose | Table Sugar; Cane Sugar; Beet Sugar | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Disaccharide) | Sugar Beet | Beta vulgaris | Root | 57-50-1 | High | A dual-energy source (glucose + fructose) that should be consumed in moderation to support metabolic health. |
| Maltose | Malt Sugar; Maltobiose | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Disaccharide) | Barley | Hordeum vulgare | Grains | 69-79-4 | High | Provides a readily digestible, steady energy supply that supports physical activity and endurance. |
| Trehalose | Mycose; Tremalose; Mushroom Sugar | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Disaccharide) | Resurrection Plant | Selaginella lepidophylla | Whole Plant | 99-20-7 | Moderate | Protects human cells from dehydration and oxidative stress; studied for neuroprotective and anti-aging benefits. |
| Cellobiose | 4-O-β-D-Glucopyranosyl-D-glucose | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Disaccharide) | Cotton | Gossypium hirsutum | Fiber | 528-50-7 | Moderate | Acts as insoluble dietary roughage that helps maintain regularity and supports healthy colon function. |
| Gentiobiose | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Disaccharide) | Gentian | Gentiana lutea | Root | 554-91-6 | Moderate | Found in bitter digestive tonics that stimulate healthy bile flow, enzyme secretion, and appetite. |
| Turanose | 3-O-α-D-Glucopyranosyl-D-fructose | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Disaccharide) | Various Nectars | N/A | Flowers | — | Emerging | A low-glycemic nectar disaccharide that provides a slower, more sustained energy release than table sugar. |
| Isomaltose | 6-O-α-D-Glucopyranosyl-D-glucose | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Disaccharide) | Corn | Zea mays | Grains | — | Moderate | A branched-chain disaccharide produced during slow starch digestion; supports a more balanced blood sugar response. |
| Isomaltulose | Palatinose | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Disaccharide) | Sugar Cane | Saccharum officinarum | Sap | 13718-94-0 | High | A tooth-friendly sugar that releases energy slowly over several hours, avoiding the typical blood sugar spike. |
| Sophorose | 2-O-β-D-Glucopyranosyl-D-glucose | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Disaccharide) | Sophora Tree | Styphnolobium japonicum | Fruit | 6035-43-4 | Emerging | Studied for its potential to boost the effectiveness of specific immune-supporting bioactive plant compounds. |
| Laminaribiose | 3-O-β-D-Glucopyranosyl-D-glucose | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Disaccharide) | Barley | Hordeum vulgare | Grains | — | Moderate | Formed during the enzymatic breakdown of heart-healthy cereal β-glucan fiber; supports gut microflora. |
| Kojibiose | 2-O-α-D-Glucopyranosyl-D-glucose | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Disaccharide) | Clover | Trifolium spp. | Nectar | — | Emerging | A rare prebiotic disaccharide found in certain honeys; supports healthy gut microbial balance. |
| Nigerose | 3-O-α-D-Glucopyranosyl-D-glucose | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Disaccharide) | Buckwheat | Fagopyrum esculentum | Seed | — | Emerging | Contributes to the immune-modulating properties found in certain traditional fermented plant-based foods. |
| Melibiose | 6-O-α-D-Galactopyranosyl-D-glucose | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Disaccharide) | Soybeans | Glycine max | Seed | 585-99-9 | Moderate | A prebiotic disaccharide that helps increase the population of beneficial bifidobacteria in the colon. |
| Rutinose | 6-O-α-L-Rhamnosyl-D-glucose | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Disaccharide) | Buckwheat | Fagopyrum esculentum | Leaves | — | Moderate | The sugar carrier of rutin and related antioxidants that protect blood vessels and support circulation. |
| Neohesperidose | 2-O-α-L-Rhamnosyl-D-glucose | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Disaccharide) | Bitter Orange | Citrus aurantium | Fruit Peel | — | Moderate | Contributes to the digestion-stimulating and appetite-regulating effects of bitter citrus peel extracts. |
| Vicianose | 6-O-α-L-Arabinosyl-D-glucose | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Disaccharide) | Vetch | Vicia spp. | Seeds | — | Emerging | Found in legumes as the sugar carrier for plant glycoside compounds; contributes to mild antioxidant activity. |
| Primeverose | 6-O-β-D-Xylopyranosyl-D-glucose | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Disaccharide) | Primrose | Primula spp. | Roots | — | Emerging | Provides the sugar carrier for aromatic plant aglycones widely used in herbal wellness and aromatherapy. |
| Robinobiose | 6-O-α-L-Rhamnosyl-D-galactose | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Disaccharide) | Locust Tree | Robinia pseudoacacia | Flowers | — | Emerging | A specialized carrier sugar that transports health-relevant plant flavonoid compounds into the body. |
| Scillabiose | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Disaccharide) | Squill | Drimia maritima | Bulb | — | Emerging | Historically used in heart-related wellness preparations to support healthy circulatory function. |
| Strophanthobiose | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Disaccharide) | Strophanthus | Strophanthus spp. | Seeds | — | Emerging | A carrier disaccharide studied for its role in delivering heart-active cardiotonic glycoside compounds. |
| Inulobiose | — | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Disaccharide) | Chicory | Cichorium intybus | Root | — | Moderate | The repeating β(2→1) fructose-fructose unit of prebiotic inulin; essential marker for dietary fiber quality. |
| Levanobiose | — | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Disaccharide) | Timothy Grass | Phleum pratense | Leaves | — | Moderate | A β(2→6)-linked fructose disaccharide; the structural unit of levan fiber with prebiotic and heart-healthy properties. |
| OLIGOSACCHARIDES | ||||||||
| Raffinose | Melitose; Gossypose | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Oligosaccharide) | Pea | Pisum sativum | Seed | 512-69-6 | Moderate | A common prebiotic that selectively feeds beneficial gut microbes; may cause gas in sensitive individuals. |
| Stachyose | Lupeose | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Oligosaccharide) | Soybeans | Glycine max | Seed | 470-55-3 | Moderate | Fuels beneficial bacteria in the colon, supporting digestive immunity and a balanced gut microbiome. |
| Verbascose | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Oligosaccharide) | Mullein | Verbascum spp. | Seed | — | Moderate | A prebiotic pentasaccharide found in legumes and grains that supports a diverse and healthy gut environment. |
| Ajugose | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Oligosaccharide) | Bugleweed | Ajuga reptans | Leaves | — | Emerging | A five-unit fructooligosaccharide being studied for its long-term prebiotic benefits to lower colon health. |
| Umbelliferose | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Oligosaccharide) | Carrot | Daucus carota | Root | — | Emerging | Unique to the Apiaceae (carrot) family; contributes to the prebiotic activity of root vegetable fibers. |
| Ciceritol | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Oligosaccharide) | Chickpea | Cicer arietinum | Seed | — | Moderate | Improves digestive health by selectively promoting the growth of beneficial Bifidobacteria in the intestine. |
| 1-Kestose | GF2; 1F-Fructosylsucrose | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Oligosaccharide) | Onion | Allium cepa | Bulb | — | Moderate | A short-chain FOS highly effective at reducing gut inflammation and reinforcing the intestinal barrier function. |
| Nystose | GF3; Fructosylkestose | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Oligosaccharide) | Asparagus | Asparagus officinalis | Spear | — | Moderate | Supports metabolic wellness and has been shown to improve intestinal absorption of calcium from food. |
| Fructofuranosylnystose | GF4; Fructooligosaccharide DP4 | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Oligosaccharide) | Garlic | Allium sativum | Bulb | — | Moderate | Enhances immune function by selectively supporting the growth of beneficial bifidobacteria and lactobacilli. |
| Melezitose | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Oligosaccharide) | Larch | Larix occidentalis | Sap | — | Moderate | A three-unit sugar found in honeydew honey; provides a steady energy release with a low insulin response. |
| Planteose | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Oligosaccharide) | Plantain | Plantago spp. | Seed | — | Moderate | Found in Plantago seeds; contributes to the mucilaginous, digestion-soothing properties of the whole seed. |
| Erlose | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Oligosaccharide) | Various Plants | N/A | Nectar | — | Emerging | A minor trisaccharide component of raw honey and nectar; contributes to its overall nutritional energy profile. |
| Maltotriose | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Oligosaccharide) | Rice | Oryza sativa | Grains | 1109-28-0 | Moderate | A three-unit glucose chain released during starch digestion; provides a source of sustained physical energy. |
| Panose | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Oligosaccharide) | Corn | Zea mays | Grains | — | Moderate | A branched glucose trisaccharide from slow-digesting starches; helps maintain balanced blood sugar after meals. |
| Maltotetraose | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Oligosaccharide) | Corn | Zea mays | Grains | — | Moderate | Used in clinical nutrition to provide sustained, controlled energy delivery for patients with metabolic needs. |
| Galactotetraose | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Oligosaccharide) | Soybean | Glycine max | Seed | — | Moderate | A complex prebiotic oligosaccharide that helps protect the gut mucosa from inflammatory insult. |
| Verbascotetraose | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Oligosaccharide) | Mullein | Verbascum spp. | Seed | — | Emerging | A four-unit oligosaccharide that helps moderate the enzymatic digestion rate of dietary starches. |
| Lychnose | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Oligosaccharide) | Campion | Silene spp. | Roots | — | Emerging | A rare tetrasaccharide with prebiotic potential; studied for its benefits to lower digestive tract health. |
| Isolychnose | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Oligosaccharide) | Lychnis | Lychnis spp. | Roots | — | Emerging | Acts as a specialized plant fiber to help improve the frequency and comfort of healthy digestion. |
| Isomaltotriose | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Oligosaccharide) | Corn | Zea mays | Grains | — | Moderate | Slows glucose absorption from branched starches, helping to keep post-meal insulin levels stable. |
| Neokestose | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Oligosaccharide) | Onion | Allium cepa | Bulb | — | Moderate | A high-potency prebiotic shown to help lower blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels. |
| Maltopentaose | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Oligosaccharide) | Corn | Zea mays | Grains | — | Moderate | A five-unit glucose chain used in clinical nutrition for controlled energy release in metabolic conditions. |
| Maltohexaose | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Oligosaccharide) | Corn | Zea mays | Grains | — | Moderate | Supports long-term glycogen energy stores in the body during periods of sustained physical activity. |
| Maltoheptaose | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Oligosaccharide) | Corn | Zea mays | Grains | — | Moderate | A seven-unit glucose chain allowing controlled release of glucose into the bloodstream over several hours. |
| Gentianose | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Oligosaccharide) | Gentian | Gentiana lutea | Root | — | Moderate | Provides the signature bitter prebiotic activity that supports healthy digestive flow and enzyme secretion. |
| Mannotriose | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Oligosaccharide) | Ivory Nut Palm | Phytelephas spp. | Seed | — | Emerging | A slow-digesting mannose trisaccharide that supports a steady and healthy metabolic energy rate. |
| Xylotriose | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Oligosaccharide) | Wheat | Triticum aestivum | Stem | — | Emerging | A xylose-derived oligosaccharide contributing to insoluble roughage that supports a healthy, clean colon. |
| Arabinotriose | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Oligosaccharide) | All Plants | N/A | Cell Wall | — | Emerging | A cell-wall fiber breakdown product that helps soften the stool and ease digestive transit. |
| Cellotriose | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Oligosaccharide) | Cotton | Gossypium hirsutum | Fiber | — | Emerging | A cellulose-derived roughage oligosaccharide that helps manage inflammation in the lower gut. |
| SUGAR ALCOHOLS (POLYOLS) | ||||||||
| Mannitol | Mannite; Manna Sugar; E421 | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Sugar Alcohol) | Olive Tree | Olea europaea | Leaves | 69-65-8 | High | A powerful osmotic agent and antioxidant that can cross the blood-brain barrier to protect the nervous system. |
| Sorbitol | Glucitol; D-Sorbitol; E420 | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Sugar Alcohol) | Apple | Malus domestica | Fruit | 50-70-4 | High | A natural sugar substitute and osmotic laxative used in diabetic-friendly products to support regularity. |
| Xylitol | Birch Sugar; E967 | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Sugar Alcohol) | Birch Tree | Betula spp. | Bark | 87-99-0 | High | Clinically proven to prevent tooth decay and inhibit the bacteria responsible for ear infections. |
| Erythritol | Meso-erythritol; E968 | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Sugar Alcohol) | Strawberry | Fragaria spp. | Fruit | 149-32-6 | High | A nearly zero-calorie sweetener that protects against dental cavities and is exceptionally well-tolerated by the gut. |
| Galactitol | Dulcitol | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Sugar Alcohol) | Spindle Tree | Euonymus spp. | Leaves | 608-66-2 | Emerging | Studied for its potential to help regulate osmotic water balance in human cells under metabolic stress. |
| Myo-inositol | Inositol; Vitamin B8 (unofficial); Cyclohexanehexol | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Sugar Alcohol) | All Plants | N/A | Every Cell | 87-89-8 | High | Vital for women’s reproductive health and hormonal balance; well-validated for improving mood and insulin sensitivity. |
| Volemitol | D-β-Sedoheptitol | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Sugar Alcohol) | Cowslip | Primula veris | Root | — | Emerging | A specialized seven-carbon polyol that provides low-calorie energy support for a healthy metabolism. |
| Persitol | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Sugar Alcohol) | Avocado | Persea americana | Fruit | — | Emerging | A rare polyol contributing to the heart-healthy nutritional profile of avocados; may support satiety signals. |
| Ribitol | Adonitol | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Sugar Alcohol) | Pheasant’s Eye | Adonis spp. | Whole Plant | 488-81-3 | Moderate | A critical structural molecule the body uses in the synthesis of Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) for cellular energy. |
| Arabitol | Arabinitol | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Sugar Alcohol) | Lichens / Algae | N/A | Whole Body | — | Emerging | Assists in the healthy fermentation of dietary plant fibers by bacteria in the lower digestive tract. |
| Threitol | L-Threitol | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Sugar Alcohol) | Various Plants | N/A | Leaves | — | Emerging | Functions as a natural antioxidant that helps neutralize harmful free radicals within the body. |
| D-Bornesitol | 1-O-Methyl-D-myo-inositol | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Sugar Alcohol) | Litchi | Litchi chinensis | Leaves | — | Emerging | A methylated inositol that improves cellular glucose uptake, helping to lower blood sugar naturally. |
| D-Ononitol | 4-O-Methyl-D-myo-inositol | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Sugar Alcohol) | Pigeon Pea | Cajanus cajan | Leaves | — | Emerging | Supports cellular health during physical stress and helps maintain osmotic water balance in the body. |
| Sequoyitol | 5-O-Methyl-myo-inositol | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Sugar Alcohol) | Redwood | Sequoia sempervirens | Heartwood | — | Emerging | Provides metabolic support and has been investigated for potential anti-diabetic and antioxidant activity. |
| D-Pinitol | 3-O-Methyl-D-chiro-inositol; Pinitol | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Sugar Alcohol) | Carob Tree | Ceratonia siliqua | Leaves | 525-01-9 | Moderate | A powerful insulin-sensitizing compound that helps the human body manage blood glucose more efficiently. |
| Pinpollitol | 3-O-Methyl-D-pinitol | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Sugar Alcohol) | Pine Tree | Pinus spp. | Sap | — | Emerging | Studied for systemic water balance management and potential support for metabolic kidney function. |
| Quebrachitol | 2-O-Methyl-L-chiro-inositol | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Sugar Alcohol) | Rubber Tree | Hevea brasiliensis | Latex | 480-40-0 | Emerging | Studied as a health-promoting agent for managing metabolic conditions, with potential gut-supportive properties. |
| D-Glucosaminitol | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Sugar Alcohol) | Various Plants | N/A | Various | — | Emerging | A reduced amino sugar studied for its ability to send healing signals through connective tissues. |
| D-Rhamnitol | L-Rhamnitol | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Sugar Alcohol) | Various Plants | N/A | Various | — | Emerging | Used in wellness research to study healthy cellular water distribution and protection from dehydration. |
| L-Fucitol | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Sugar Alcohol) | Various Plants | N/A | Various | — | Emerging | Assists the body in maintaining its natural antioxidant shield under conditions of physical and oxidative stress. |
| D-Galactosaminitol | — | Carbohydrates (Sugar / Sugar Alcohol) | Various Plants | N/A | Various | — | Emerging | A vital biochemical intermediate helping scientists understand how the body synthesizes brain-healthy lipids. |
| STARCHES (POLYSACCHARIDES) | ||||||||
| Amylose | — | Carbohydrates (Starch / Polysaccharide) | Rice | Oryza sativa | Grains | 9005-82-7 | Moderate | A linear ‘slow carb’ that digests gradually, providing stable blood energy and promoting prolonged satiety. |
| Amylopectin | — | Carbohydrates (Starch / Polysaccharide) | Potato | Solanum tuberosum | Tuber | 9037-22-3 | Moderate | Provides rapidly available, highly branched glucose chains for quick muscle energy recovery after exertion. |
| FIBER POLYSACCHARIDES — PLANT | ||||||||
| Inulin | Chicory Fiber; Fructan; Alant Starch | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Chicory | Cichorium intybus | Root | 9005-80-5 | High | Improves bone mineral density by enhancing calcium absorption; lowers blood triglycerides and feeds beneficial gut flora. |
| Levan | Bacterial Fructan (class) | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Grasses | Poaceae | Stems | 9013-95-0 | Moderate | A β(2→6)-linked fructan fiber that helps reduce blood cholesterol and supports immune system modulation. |
| Cellulose | Microcrystalline Cellulose (MCC); E460 | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Cotton | Gossypium hirsutum | Seed Fiber | 9004-34-6 | High | Provides essential bulk to the diet, promoting regularity and reducing the risk of colorectal complications. |
| Xyloglucan | Tamarind Seed Polysaccharide (TSP) | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Tamarind | Tamarindus indica | Seed | 37294-28-3 | Moderate | Used in research to protect stomach and intestinal mucosal linings and to support skin barrier function. |
| Arabinoxylan | AXOS (oligomeric form) | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Wheat | Triticum aestivum | Bran | 68911-25-1 | Moderate | Significantly lowers postprandial blood sugar response and promotes the selective growth of healthy gut bacteria. |
| Glucomannan | Konjac Fiber; KGM; Konjac Glucomannan | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Konjac | Amorphophallus konjac | Tuber | 37220-17-0 | High | A clinically validated super-fiber that promotes significant weight management by inducing prolonged satiety. |
| Galactomannan | (Source-specific, e.g. Guar Galactomannan) | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Guar Bean | Cyamopsis tetragonoloba | Seed | 11078-30-1 | High | Clinically shown to lower LDL cholesterol and slow the intestinal absorption of dietary sugars. |
| Glucuronoxylan | — | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Birch Tree | Betula spp. | Wood | — | Moderate | A hardwood hemicellulose fiber that supports the selective growth of healthy bacteria in the large intestine. |
| Galactoglucomannan | — | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Pine Tree | Pinus spp. | Wood | — | Moderate | Studied for its ability to modulate immune function and support overall gut microbial balance. |
| Mixed-linkage Beta-glucan | Oat Beta-Glucan; Cereal Beta-Glucan; (1→3),(1→4)-β-D-glucan | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Oats | Avena sativa | Grains | 9041-22-9 | High | Carries an FDA Qualified Health Claim for reducing LDL cholesterol and lowering the risk of heart disease. |
| Homogalacturonan | Pectin backbone; HGA | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Apple | Malus domestica | Fruit | — | Moderate | The primary pectin domain that binds dietary cholesterol and environmental heavy metals for elimination. |
| Rhamnogalacturonan I | RG-I | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Carrot | Daucus carota | Root | — | Moderate | Boosts the body’s natural defense against seasonal viruses and supports a resilient intestinal barrier. |
| Rhamnogalacturonan II | RG-II | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Wine Grapes | Vitis vinifera | Fruit | — | Moderate | A highly complex pectin domain that helps maintain the structural integrity of the human intestinal wall. |
| Xylogalacturonan | XGA | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Pea | Pisum sativum | Pod | — | Moderate | A pectin sub-domain that supports long-term digestive regularity and prevents postprandial insulin spikes. |
| Apiogalacturonan | — | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Duckweed | Lemna minor | Whole Plant | — | Emerging | A specialized pectin-domain fiber that promotes a diverse and healthy population of gut bacteria. |
| Arabinan | — | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Sugar Beet | Beta vulgaris | Root | — | Moderate | A branched arabinose-rich fiber that acts as a gentle prebiotic, improving stool consistency and digestive ease. |
| Galactan | — | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Potato | Solanum tuberosum | Tuber | — | Moderate | Supports the renewal and structural integrity of the protective mucus layer in the stomach and intestines. |
| Arabinogalactan | AG; Larch Arabinogalactan | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Larch Tree | Larix occidentalis | Wood | — | Moderate | Significantly increases beneficial gut bacteria counts and supports immune function via multiple human trials. |
| Gum Arabic | Acacia Gum; E414 | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Acacia Tree | Acacia senegal | Sap | 9000-01-5 | Moderate | Reduces systemic inflammation and promotes satiety, aiding in healthy weight management and gut balance. |
| Gum Tragacanth | E413 | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Astragalus | Astragalus brachycalyx | Sap | 9000-65-1 | Moderate | A traditional soothing remedy for digestive irritation; used as a prebiotic and to support skin health. |
| Gum Karaya | Sterculia Gum; E416 | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Sterculia Tree | Sterculia urens | Sap | 9000-36-6 | Moderate | A natural bulk-forming laxative that is gentle and consistently effective for managing digestive health. |
| Gum Ghatti | E419 | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Axlewood | Anogeissus latifolia | Sap | 9000-28-6 | Moderate | Supports the controlled release of nutrients in the gut, ensuring a steady and comfortable energy absorption. |
| Albizia Gum | — | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Albizia | Albizia zygia | Sap | — | Emerging | Used in wellness products to support healthy gut microflora populations and promote smooth, comfortable digestion. |
| Khaya Gum | African Mahogany Gum | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Mahogany | Khaya grandifoliola | Sap | — | Emerging | A prebiotic exudate gum that helps maintain a healthy balance of bacteria in the human colon. |
| Neem Gum | — | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Neem Tree | Azadirachta indica | Sap | — | Moderate | Possesses natural gastroprotective properties that help shield the stomach mucosa from ulcers and irritation. |
| Cashew Gum | — | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Cashew Tree | Anacardium occidentale | Sap | — | Moderate | Provides a protective coating for the digestive tract and has documented immunostimulatory properties. |
| Almond Gum | — | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Almond Tree | Prunus dulcis | Sap | — | Moderate | Traditionally used to soothe dry coughs and sore throats when used in herbal wellness infusions. |
| Okra Mucilage | — | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Okra | Abelmoschus esculentus | Fruit Pod | — | Moderate | Binds to dietary toxins and cholesterol in the gut, helping to reduce their absorption into the bloodstream. |
| Psyllium Mucilage | Ispaghula; Psyllium Husk Fiber; Plantago Fiber | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Plantago | Plantago ovata | Seed Husk | 9067-32-7 | High | One of the most clinically validated fibers for reducing LDL cholesterol and supporting long-term digestive regularity. |
| Flaxseed Mucilage | Linseed Mucilage; Flaxseed Fiber | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Flax | Linum usitatissimum | Seed Coat | — | Moderate | Clinical evidence supports its role in reducing blood pressure and inflammation while supporting hormonal balance. |
| Chia Mucilage | Chia Seed Fiber; Chia Gel | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Chia | Salvia hispanica | Seed | — | Moderate | Promotes hydration and stable blood sugar by forming a gel that slows carbohydrate digestion and absorption. |
| Tamarind Seed Polysaccharide | TSP; Tamarind Xyloglucan | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Tamarind | Tamarindus indica | Seed | — | Moderate | Supports immune function; used in clinical ophthalmic research to protect and hydrate eye surface tissues. |
| Locust Bean Gum | Carob Gum; LBG; E410 | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Carob Tree | Ceratonia siliqua | Seed | 9000-40-6 | High | Clinically used to manage infant reflux and shown to support healthy postprandial blood sugar in adults. |
| Guar Gum | Guar; Jaguar Gum; E412 | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Guar | Cyamopsis tetragonoloba | Seed | 9000-30-0 | High | Clinically validated for treating irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and improving overall gut motility. |
| Tara Gum | E417 | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Tara Tree | Caesalpinia spinosa | Seed | — | Moderate | A gentle, well-tolerated galactomannan fiber that supports regularity and promotes a feeling of fullness. |
| Slippery Elm Mucilage | — | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Slippery Elm | Ulmus rubra | Inner Bark | — | Moderate | Creates a soothing, protective coating in the human throat and stomach, effectively easing acid reflux discomfort. |
| Aloe Vera Gel (Acemannan) | Acemannan; Aloe Polysaccharide | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Aloe | Aloe vera | Leaves | — | Moderate | Well-supported for internal gut healing and repair and external skin hydration and wound recovery. |
| Marshmallow Mucilage | Althaea Mucilage | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Marsh Mallow | Althaea officinalis | Root | — | Moderate | Highly effective for soothing irritated mucosal linings in both the respiratory and digestive systems. |
| Cactus Mucilage | Nopal Fiber; Prickly Pear Polysaccharide | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Prickly Pear | Opuntia ficus-indica | Stem Pad | — | Moderate | Helps lower blood sugar and blood cholesterol while providing deep hydration to body tissues. |
| Fenugreek Mucilage | Fenugreek Fiber; Trigonella Galactomannan | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Fenugreek | Trigonella foenum-graecum | Seed | — | Moderate | Commonly used to improve insulin sensitivity; well-supported for healthy breast milk production in nursing mothers. |
| Quince Mucilage | Quince Seed Polysaccharide | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Quince | Cydonia oblonga | Seed | — | Moderate | Possesses natural antibacterial properties that help maintain the health of the mouth and digestive tract. |
| Mullein Mucilage | — | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Mullein | Verbascum spp. | Leaves | — | Moderate | Supports lung health by helping to loosen and clear mucus while soothing the respiratory mucous membrane. |
| Licorice Mucilage | Licorice Root Polysaccharide | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Licorice | Glycyrrhiza glabra | Root | — | Moderate | Well-documented for helping heal stomach ulcers and providing a soothing effect on the digestive system. |
| Malabar Spinach Mucilage | Basella Mucilage | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Malabar Spinach | Basella alba | Leaves | — | Moderate | A cooling wellness food that supports gentle detoxification and helps naturally reduce body heat. |
| Jute Mucilage | Corchorus Mucilage | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Jute | Corchorus spp. | Leaves | — | Moderate | Rich in antioxidant polysaccharides and dietary fibers that support healthy skin and overall digestion. |
| Nagaimo Mucilage | Chinese Yam Mucilage; Yamaimo | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Chinese Yam | Dioscorea polystachya | Tuber | — | Moderate | A traditional wellness food widely used to boost kidney health and support physical stamina and vitality. |
| Sundew Mucilage | — | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Sundew | Drosera spp. | Leaves | — | Emerging | Studied for its potential to act as a natural anti-inflammatory for muscle and joint discomfort. |
| Butterwort Mucilage | — | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Butterwort | Pinguicula spp. | Leaves | — | Emerging | A rare biological adhesive used in research to understand how polysaccharides can address microbial infections. |
| Callose | (1→3)-β-D-Glucan (plant) | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | All Higher Plants | N/A | Phloem | — | Emerging | A structural β-glucan that researchers use to study how the human body initiates and manages wound healing. |
| Xylinan | Xylan (hardwood form) | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Hardwood Trees | N/A | Heartwood | — | Moderate | Provides extremely tough insoluble dietary roughage that helps sweep the colon clean of metabolic waste. |
| FIBER POLYSACCHARIDES — MARINE & ALGAL | ||||||||
| Paramylon | (1→3)-β-D-Glucan (Euglena) | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Euglena | Euglena gracilis | Whole Cell | — | Emerging | A unique microalgal beta-glucan being studied for its ability to significantly enhance the human immune response. |
| Laminarin | (1→3),(1→6)-β-D-Glucan (marine) | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Brown Algae | Laminaria spp. | Whole Body | — | Moderate | An algal fiber shown to help lower blood pressure and support overall cardiovascular system health. |
| Alginic Acid | Alginate; Algin; E400 | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Kelp | Macrocystis pyrifera | Cell Wall | 9005-32-7 | Moderate | Used clinically to treat acid reflux by forming a viscous raft that physically prevents stomach acid from rising. |
| Carrageenan | Irish Moss Extract; E407 | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Irish Moss | Chondrus crispus | Cell Wall | 9000-07-1 | Moderate | A sulfated seaweed polysaccharide gel that can support digestive health when consumed in food-grade form. |
| Agar | Agar-agar; Kanten; E406 | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Red Seaweed | Gelidium spp. | Cell Wall | 9002-18-0 | Moderate | A calorie-free gelling fiber that promotes satiety and aids weight management by increasing food volume. |
| Fucoidan | Sulfated Fucose Polymer; Brown Algae Extract | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Bladderwrack | Fucus vesiculosus | Surface | 9072-19-9 | Moderate | A well-studied marine polysaccharide with documented antiviral, anticoagulant, and early-stage anticancer properties. |
| Ulvan | — | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Sea Lettuce | Ulva lactuca | Cell Wall | — | Emerging | Supports human detoxification pathways and helps maintain a healthy immune balance in the gut. |
| Porphyran | — | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Nori | Porphyra spp. | Cell Wall | — | Emerging | Studied for its ability to improve fat metabolism and protect the liver from oxidative damage. |
| Lichenan | Mixed-linkage β-glucan (lichen) | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Iceland Moss | Cetraria islandica | Thallus | — | Moderate | A traditional respiratory soother; provides slow-release energy and supports the body’s mucosal defenses. |
| Pustulan | (1→6)-β-D-Glucan (lichen) | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Rock Tripe | Lasallia pustulata | Thallus | — | Emerging | Used as a molecular research tool to investigate new ways to boost human intestinal immunity. |
| FIBER POLYSACCHARIDES — FUNGAL | ||||||||
| Chitin | Poly-GlcNAc; Fungal Fiber | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Mushrooms | Agaricus bisporus | Cell Wall | 1398-61-4 | Moderate | Provides structural roughage that aids in healthy weight management and promotes colon health. |
| Lentinan | Shiitake Beta-Glucan; LNT | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Shiitake | Lentinula edodes | Fruit Body | 37339-90-5 | Moderate | A clinically used immunostimulant (approved in Japan) that helps the body defend against tumors and viral infections. |
| Schizophyllan | Sonifilan; SPG; SIZOFIRAN | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Splitgill Mushroom | Schizophyllum commune | Mycelium | — | Moderate | Investigated for its ability to stimulate production of infection-fighting white blood cells via NK cell activation. |
| Scleroglucan | — | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Soil Fungi | Sclerotium spp. | Mycelium | — | Emerging | Used in wellness products to provide sustained skin hydration and topical barrier support. |
| Pullulan | E1204 | Carbohydrates (Fiber / Polysaccharide) | Fungi | Aureobasidium pullulans | Surface | 9057-02-7 | Moderate | A food-grade biopolymer used in dissolvable wellness films and capsules; safe and easily digested. |
| FATTY ACIDS — SATURATED | ||||||||
| Lauric Acid | Dodecanoic acid; C12:0 | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Saturated) | Coconut Palm | Cocos nucifera | Endosperm | 143-07-7 | Moderate | A medium-chain saturated fatty acid that is rapidly metabolised for energy; may support healthy immune function. |
| Myristic Acid | Tetradecanoic acid; C14:0 | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Saturated) | Nutmeg | Myristica fragrans | Seed | 544-63-8 | Moderate | Plays a structural role in anchoring proteins to cell membranes and may contribute to healthy cellular signalling. |
| Palmitic Acid | Hexadecanoic acid; C16:0 | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Saturated) | Palm Tree | Elaeis guineensis | Fruit Mesocarp | 57-10-3 | High | A foundational saturated fatty acid that serves as a key energy substrate and essential structural component of human cell membranes. |
| Stearic Acid | Octadecanoic acid; C18:0 | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Saturated) | Cocoa Tree | Theobroma cacao | Seed (Bean) | 57-11-4 | High | A stable saturated fatty acid providing sustained energy; appears to have a more neutral effect on blood cholesterol than shorter-chain saturated fats. |
| Arachidic Acid | Eicosanoic acid; C20:0 | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Saturated) | Peanut | Arachis hypogaea | Seed | 506-30-9 | Emerging | A minor long-chain saturated fatty acid that may contribute to long-term energy storage and structural cell membrane integrity. |
| Behenic Acid | Docosanoic acid; C22:0 | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Saturated) | Moringa | Moringa oleifera | Seed | 112-85-6 | Moderate | Widely used in topical formulations for emollient properties; may support skin smoothness and moisture retention. |
| Lignoceric Acid | Tetracosanoic acid; C24:0 | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Saturated) | Peanut | Arachis hypogaea | Seed | 557-59-5 | Moderate | A very long-chain fatty acid that forms part of the brain's myelin sheath structure, supporting nerve insulation and integrity. |
| FATTY ACIDS — MONOUNSATURATED | ||||||||
| Palmitoleic Acid | C16:1 n-7; Omega-7 | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Monounsaturated) | Macadamia | Macadamia integrifolia | Nut | 373-49-9 | Moderate | May support metabolic health and help maintain mucosal lining hydration; studied for potential lipid-management benefits. |
| Petroselinic Acid | C18:1 (6Z); Delta-6-octadecenoic acid | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Monounsaturated) | Parsley | Petroselinum crispum | Seed | 593-39-5 | Emerging | May contribute to skin health and localised inflammation modulation; studied for cosmetic and topical wellness applications. |
| Oleic Acid | Octadecenoic acid; C18:1 n-9; Omega-9 | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Monounsaturated) | Olive Tree | Olea europaea | Fruit | 112-80-1 | High | A well-documented heart-supportive fatty acid; consistently associated with healthy arterial function and favourable lipid profiles as part of a balanced diet. |
| Gadoleic Acid | C20:1 n-9; Eicosenoic acid | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Monounsaturated) | Rapeseed | Brassica napus | Seed | — | Emerging | Contributes to fatty acid diversity in cell membranes; studied for its minor role in lipid metabolism and chain elongation. |
| Gondoic Acid | C20:1 n-11; Eicosenoic acid (n-11) | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Monounsaturated) | Jojoba | Simmondsia chinensis | Seed | — | Moderate | Closely resembles the body's natural sebum; may support skin and hair hydration in topical wellness formulations. |
| Erucic Acid | C22:1 n-9; Long-chain Omega-9 | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Monounsaturated) | Mustard | Brassica nigra | Seed | 112-86-7 | Moderate | Studied in specific therapeutic contexts for neurological support; dietary intake is subject to regulatory guidance in many markets due to cardiac safety considerations. |
| Nervonic Acid | Selacholeic acid; C24:1 n-9 | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Monounsaturated) | Honesty Plant | Lunaria annua | Seed Oil | 506-37-6 | Moderate | A very long-chain fatty acid considered important for maintaining the structural health of the brain's white matter and myelin insulation. |
| FATTY ACIDS — POLYUNSATURATED (OMEGA-6) | ||||||||
| Linoleic Acid | LA; C18:2 n-6; Omega-6 | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Polyunsaturated) | Sunflower | Helianthus annuus | Seed | 60-33-3 | High | An essential omega-6 fatty acid required for normal skin barrier function, hormonal balance, and the body's inflammatory regulation. |
| Gamma-Linolenic Acid | GLA; C18:3 n-6; Omega-6 | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Polyunsaturated) | Borage | Borago officinalis | Seed | 506-26-3 | Moderate | May help support hormonal balance and healthy skin; studied for its role in modulating prostaglandin-mediated inflammatory pathways. |
| Arachidonic Acid | AA; ARA; C20:4 n-6 | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Polyunsaturated) | Mosses | Physcomitrella patens | Whole Plant | 506-32-1 | High | A key structural and signalling omega-6 fatty acid required for the synthesis of eicosanoids governing pain, sleep, and inflammatory balance. |
| Columbinic Acid | C18:3 (5t,9c,12c) | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Polyunsaturated) | Meadow Rue | Thalictrum aquilegifolium | Seed | — | Emerging | A rare trans-containing polyunsaturated fatty acid studied for potential structural and metabolic roles in lipid biology. |
| Mead Acid | C20:3 n-9; 5,8,11-Eicosatrienoic acid | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Polyunsaturated) | Primrose | Oenothera spp. | Seed | 20590-32-3 | Emerging | Produced by the body when essential fatty acid intake is low; studied as a biomarker for evaluating omega-3 and omega-6 nutritional status. |
| Coriolic Acid | 13-Hydroxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Polyunsaturated) | Coriaria | Coriaria myrtifolia | Seed | — | Emerging | A hydroxy fatty acid studied in early-stage research for its potential to help modulate the body's inflammatory response. |
| FATTY ACIDS — POLYUNSATURATED (OMEGA-3) | ||||||||
| alpha-Linolenic Acid | ALA; C18:3 n-3; Omega-3 | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Polyunsaturated) | Flax | Linum usitatissimum | Seed | 463-40-5 | Moderate | A plant-source omega-3 fatty acid; may support cardiovascular health and normal inflammatory balance when consumed as part of a varied diet. |
| Stearidonic Acid | SDA; C18:4 n-3; Omega-3 | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Polyunsaturated) | Hemp | Cannabis sativa | Seed | 20290-75-9 | Moderate | An omega-3 fatty acid that may convert to EPA more efficiently than ALA; studied for potential cardiovascular and inflammatory benefits. |
| Eicosapentaenoic Acid | EPA; C20:5 n-3; Omega-3 | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Polyunsaturated) | Microalgae | Nannochloropsis spp. | Whole Cell | 10417-94-4 | High | Plays a well-documented role in supporting normal blood triglyceride levels and healthy inflammatory balance. |
| Docosapentaenoic Acid | DPA; C22:5 n-3; Omega-3 | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Polyunsaturated) | Microalgae | Schizochytrium spp. | Whole Cell | 53988-10-6 | Moderate | A metabolic intermediate between EPA and DHA; studied for potential cardiovascular and neural health support. |
| Docosahexaenoic Acid | DHA; C22:6 n-3; Omega-3 | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Polyunsaturated) | Microalgae | Schizochytrium spp. | Whole Cell | 6217-54-5 | High | A critical omega-3 fatty acid required for normal brain development and the maintenance of healthy visual function throughout life. |
| Sciadonic Acid | C20:3 n-6 (5,11,14-eicosatrienoic) | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Polyunsaturated) | Umbrella Pine | Sciadopitys verticillata | Seed | — | Emerging | A non-conventional polyunsaturated fatty acid studied for potential anti-inflammatory properties at the cardiovascular level. |
| FATTY ACIDS — CONJUGATED & SPECIALIZED | ||||||||
| Punicic Acid | Trichosanic acid; Omega-5 CLA | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Conjugated) | Pomegranate | Punica granatum | Seed Oil | 544-72-9 | Moderate | A conjugated omega-5 fatty acid studied for its potential to support healthy insulin sensitivity and metabolic balance. |
| Calendic Acid | Beta-calendic acid; C18:3 (8t,10t,12c) | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Conjugated) | Marigold | Calendula officinalis | Seed | — | Emerging | A conjugated fatty acid studied for antioxidant and mild anti-inflammatory properties; of interest for skin health applications. |
| Catalpic Acid | C18:3 (9t,11t,13c) | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Conjugated) | Catalpa Tree | Catalpa spp. | Seed | — | Emerging | An unusual trans-conjugated fatty acid studied for potential contributions to a healthy cardiovascular lipid profile. |
| Eleostearic Acid | Alpha-eleostearic acid; C18:3 (9c,11t,13t) | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Conjugated) | Bitter Gourd | Momordica charantia | Seed | — | Emerging | Studied in laboratory settings for potential antiproliferative properties; early-stage research, not established in human studies. |
| Parinaric Acid | Alpha-parinaric acid; C18:4 conj. | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Conjugated) | Parinari | Parinari curatellifolia | Seed | — | Emerging | A tetra-unsaturated conjugated fatty acid studied for its antioxidant potential and ability to protect cells from lipid peroxidation. |
| Jacaric Acid | C18:3 (8c,10t,12c) | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Conjugated) | Jacaranda | Jacaranda mimosifolia | Seed | — | Emerging | Studied in laboratory settings for potential proapoptotic activity against damaged or abnormal cells; early-stage research only. |
| Licanic Acid | 4-Keto-alpha-eleostearic acid | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Conjugated) | Oiticica | Licania rigida | Seed | — | Emerging | A keto-conjugated fatty acid studied for its potential role in supporting tissue healing and cellular recovery. |
| Pinolenic Acid | Delta-5-linolenic acid; C18:3 (5c,9c,12c) | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Specialized) | Pine Nut | Pinus sibirica | Nut | 16833-54-8 | Moderate | May support appetite regulation by stimulating the release of satiety hormones; studied in the context of weight management. |
| Ricinoleic Acid | 12-Hydroxy-9-cis-octadecenoic acid | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Hydroxy) | Castor Bean | Ricinus communis | Seed | 141-22-0 | Moderate | Traditionally used to support digestive regularity; studied for potential soothing properties on smooth muscle tissue. |
| Vernolic Acid | 12,13-Epoxy-9-octadecenoic acid | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Epoxy) | Ironweed | Vernonia galamensis | Seed | — | Emerging | An epoxy fatty acid being studied for potential applications in skin repair and high-performance wellness formulations. |
| Taxoleic Acid | C18:2 (5c,9c) | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Specialized) | Yew Tree | Taxus spp. | Seed | — | Emerging | A non-conventional dienoic fatty acid studied for its contribution to healthy lipid diversity in cell membranes. |
| Juniperic Acid | 16-Hydroxyhexadecanoic acid | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Hydroxy) | Juniper | Juniperus spp. | Needles | — | Emerging | A plant wax hydroxy fatty acid studied for its minor role in maintaining protective skin and cuticle resilience. |
| Sabinic Acid | 12-Hydroxydodecanoic acid | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Hydroxy) | Savin Juniper | Juniperus sabina | Needles | — | Emerging | A medium-chain hydroxy fatty acid studied as a structural building block for specialised cellular lipid functions. |
| Phloionolic Acid | 9,10,18-Trihydroxyoctadecanoic acid | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Polyhydroxy) | Cork Oak | Quercus suber | Bark | — | Emerging | A polyhydroxy fatty acid component of plant suberin; may contribute to the structural integrity of epithelial barrier tissues. |
| Lesquerolic Acid | 14-Hydroxyeicosenoic acid | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Hydroxy) | Fendler's Bladderpod | Lesquerella fendleri | Seed | — | Emerging | Structurally similar to ricinoleic acid; studied for potential skin and joint health applications in wellness formulations. |
| Chaulmoogric Acid | C18 cyclopentenyl fatty acid | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Cyclopentenyl) | Chaulmoogra | Hydnocarpus wightianus | Seed | — | Moderate | Traditionally used in Ayurvedic and herbal systems to support the body's defence against skin infections. |
| Hydnocarpic Acid | C16 cyclopentenyl fatty acid | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Cyclopentenyl) | Chaulmoogra | Hydnocarpus wightianus | Seed | — | Moderate | Works alongside chaulmoogric acid in traditional wellness applications for skin health and immune support. |
| Gorlic Acid | C18 cyclopentenyl fatty acid (unsaturated) | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Cyclopentenyl) | Chaulmoogra | Hydnocarpus wightianus | Seed | — | Moderate | A cyclopentenyl fatty acid in the chaulmoogra group; traditionally studied for supporting the body's response to external pathogens. |
| Malvalic Acid | 8-(2-Octylcyclopropenyl)octanoic acid | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Cyclopropene) | Cotton | Gossypium hirsutum | Seed | — | Emerging | A cyclopropenoid fatty acid studied for its regulatory effects on fatty acid desaturation enzyme pathways. |
| Sterculic Acid | 9-(2-Octylcyclopropenyl)nonanoic acid | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Cyclopropene) | Sterculia Tree | Sterculia foetida | Seed | — | Emerging | A cyclopropenoid fatty acid studied for its inhibitory interaction with stearoyl-CoA desaturase enzymes. |
| Cyclopropenoid Fatty Acid | Cyclopropene FA class; Sterculene-type | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Cyclopropene) | Baobab | Adansonia digitata | Seed | — | Emerging | A class of unusual cyclic fatty acids contributing to the unique lipid profile of certain tropical seed oils. |
| HYDROXY, EPOXY & POLYHYDROXY FATTY ACIDS | ||||||||
| 10-Hydroxy-Stearic Acid | 10-Hydroxystearic acid | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Hydroxy) | Various Plants | N/A | Every Cell | — | Emerging | Studied as a signalling intermediate in lipid inflammatory pathways; may contribute to healthy tissue repair processes. |
| 9,10-Epoxy-Stearic Acid | Epoxystearic acid | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Epoxy) | Plant Cuticle | N/A | Surface | — | Emerging | A cuticle wax component studied for its potential role in maintaining healthy epithelial and mucosal surface integrity. |
| 18-Hydroxy-Oleic Acid | — | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Hydroxy) | Potato | Solanum tuberosum | Skin | — | Emerging | A suberin-component hydroxy fatty acid studied for its contribution to the structural repair of the body's outer protective barriers. |
| 16-Hydroxy-Palmitic Acid | Dihydroxypalmitic acid (partial) | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Hydroxy) | Apple | Malus domestica | Fruit Peel | — | Emerging | A plant wax hydroxy fatty acid studied for its potential role in supporting protective skin moisture retention. |
| 9,10,18-Trihydroxy-Stearic Acid | Phloionolic acid (related form) | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Polyhydroxy) | Spinach | Spinacia oleracea | Leaves | — | Emerging | A polyhydroxy fatty acid studied for its potential contribution to gut mucosal health and digestive microbiome balance. |
| VERY LONG-CHAIN SATURATED FATTY ACIDS | ||||||||
| Heneicosanoic Acid | C21:0 | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Very Long Chain) | Various Plants | N/A | Seeds | — | Emerging | A rare odd-chain saturated fatty acid; studied as a dietary biomarker and contributor to fatty acid structural diversity. |
| Tricosanoic Acid | C23:0 | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Very Long Chain) | Legumes | N/A | Seeds | — | Emerging | An odd-chain saturated fatty acid that may contribute to the structural complexity of human cell membranes. |
| Pentacosanoic Acid | C25:0 | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Very Long Chain) | Various Grains | N/A | Seeds | — | Emerging | May support long-term energy metabolism and contribute to the structural health of nerve tissue. |
| Heptacosanoic Acid | C27:0 | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Very Long Chain) | Tree Waxes | N/A | Leaves | — | Emerging | A plant wax fatty acid that contributes to the diversity of very long-chain lipids in the human diet. |
| Nonacosanoic Acid | C29:0 | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Very Long Chain) | Sugarcane Wax | Saccharum officinarum | Stem | — | Emerging | A wax-derived fatty acid studied for its minor contribution to healthy lipid and energy balance. |
| Hentriacontanoic Acid | C31:0 | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Very Long Chain) | Plant Waxes | N/A | Leaves | — | Emerging | A very long-chain wax fatty acid that may support the integrity and protective function of the skin barrier. |
| Tritriacontanoic Acid | C33:0 | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Very Long Chain) | Tropical Waxes | N/A | Surface | — | Emerging | A rare wax fatty acid contributing to the structural stability of specialised plant wax complexes. |
| Pentatriacontanoic Acid | C35:0 | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Very Long Chain) | Rare Tree Oils | N/A | Seeds | — | Emerging | A trace very long-chain lipid playing a minor structural role in overall cellular and membrane stability. |
| FATTY ALCOHOLS & WAX ALCOHOLS | ||||||||
| Eicosanol | 1-Eicosanol; C20 fatty alcohol | Lipids (Fatty Alcohol / Wax) | Sesame Oil | Sesamum indicum | Seed | — | Moderate | A plant wax primary alcohol studied for its potential to support skin tissue health and recovery in topical applications. |
| Docosanol | Behenyl alcohol; C22 fatty alcohol | Lipids (Fatty Alcohol / Wax) | Peanut Oil | Arachis hypogaea | Seed | 661-19-8 | Moderate | A long-chain fatty alcohol with studied antiviral properties; clinically investigated for managing labial viral infections. |
| Tetracosanol | Lignoceryl alcohol; C24 fatty alcohol | Lipids (Fatty Alcohol / Wax) | Rice Bran | Oryza sativa | Bran | — | Moderate | A plant wax component studied for its potential contribution to protecting nervous system tissues from oxidative stress. |
| Hexacosanol | Ceryl alcohol; C26 fatty alcohol | Lipids (Fatty Alcohol / Wax) | Sugar Cane | Saccharum officinarum | Stem | — | Moderate | A constituent of policosanol wax mixtures studied for potential heart-supportive properties in cholesterol management. |
| Octacosanol | 1-Octacosanol; C28 fatty alcohol | Lipids (Fatty Alcohol / Wax) | Wheat Germ | Triticum aestivum | Seed | 557-61-9 | Moderate | Studied for potential benefits to exercise performance and endurance; may support healthy cholesterol balance. |
| Triacontanol | Melissyl alcohol; C30 fatty alcohol | Lipids (Fatty Alcohol / Wax) | Alfalfa | Medicago sativa | Leaves | 593-50-0 | Moderate | A natural plant wax alcohol studied for potential support of metabolic vitality and physical energy levels. |
| Hexadecanediol | 1,16-Hexadecanediol | Lipids (Fatty Alcohol / Wax) | Various Plants | N/A | Surface | — | Emerging | A diol wax component that may contribute to the stability and protective moisture function of skin barrier layers. |
| Phytol | Phytyl alcohol; Diterpene alcohol | Lipids (Diterpene Alcohol) | All Green Leaves | N/A | Chloroplast | 150-86-7 | Moderate | A chlorophyll breakdown product that serves as a biosynthetic precursor to Vitamins E and K in the body. |
| Phytanic Acid | 3,7,11,15-Tetramethylhexadecanoic acid | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Branched) | Spinach | Spinacia oleracea | Leaves | — | Moderate | A branched-chain fatty acid derived from dietary phytol; studied for its role in managing fat and glucose metabolism. |
| Pristanic Acid | 2,6,10,14-Tetramethylpentadecanoic acid | Lipids (Fatty Acid / Branched) | Green Vegetables | N/A | Leaves | — | Emerging | A branched-chain metabolite of phytanic acid; may contribute to the healthy metabolic function of liver cells. |
| PHOSPHOLIPIDS & LYSOPHOSPHOLIPIDS | ||||||||
| Phosphatidylcholine | Lecithin; PC | Lipids (Phospholipid) | Soybean | Glycine max | Seed | 8002-43-5 | High | A major dietary source of choline, supporting liver function, cognitive health, and the structural integrity of all cell membranes. |
| Phosphatidylethanolamine | Cephalin; PE | Lipids (Phospholipid) | Wheat Germ | Triticum aestivum | Seed | — | Moderate | Supports the structural integrity of brain cell membranes and may contribute to healthy neurotransmitter signalling. |
| Phosphatidylinositol | PI | Lipids (Phospholipid) | Corn | Zea mays | Grains | — | Moderate | Plays a central role in insulin signalling and intracellular communication; may support healthy glucose response. |
| Phosphatidylserine | PS; Soy PS | Lipids (Phospholipid) | Soybean | Glycine max | Seed | 51446-62-9 | Moderate | Studied for supporting cognitive performance and age-related memory health; limited human trial data available. |
| Phosphatidylglycerol | PG | Lipids (Phospholipid) | Spinach | Spinacia oleracea | Leaves | — | Moderate | An essential component of lung surfactant; may contribute to healthy respiratory function and airway surface integrity. |
| Cardiolipin | Bisphosphatidylglycerol; CL | Lipids (Phospholipid) | All Green Plants | N/A | Every Cell | — | High | A mitochondria-specific phospholipid critical for cellular energy production efficiency and metabolic function. |
| Lyso-Phosphatidylcholine | LPC; Lyso-PC | Lipids (Phospholipid) | Various Plants | N/A | Every Cell | — | Moderate | Involved in lipid signalling pathways; studied for its role in regulating the body's tissue healing and inflammatory response. |
| Lyso-Phosphatidylethanolamine | LPE; Lyso-PE | Lipids (Phospholipid) | Various Plants | N/A | Every Cell | — | Emerging | Studied as a bioactive signalling lipid involved in healthy cellular maturation and membrane renewal processes. |
| N-Acyl-Phosphatidylethanolamine | NAPE | Lipids (Phospholipid) | Cottonseed | Gossypium hirsutum | Seed | — | Moderate | A lipid signalling precursor that may communicate satiety signals to the brain in response to food intake. |
| N-Acylethanolamine | NAE; Endocannabinoid-related lipid | Lipids (Phospholipid) | Soybean | Glycine max | Seed | — | Moderate | May support the body's natural stress-modulating system; studied for potential contribution to a calm physiological state. |
| Phosphatidic Acid | PA | Lipids (Phospholipid) | All Plants | N/A | Every Cell | — | Moderate | A key lipid signalling molecule studied for its potential role in supporting muscle protein synthesis and post-exercise recovery. |
| GALACTOLIPIDS & SULFOLIPIDS | ||||||||
| Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol | MGDG | Lipids (Galactolipid) | Dog Rose | Rosa canina | Fruit (Hips) | — | Moderate | The most abundant plant membrane lipid; studied for potential anti-inflammatory effects with relevance to joint health support. |
| Digalactosyldiacylglycerol | DGDG | Lipids (Galactolipid) | Spinach | Spinacia oleracea | Leaves | — | Moderate | A plant-source galactolipid that may help modulate inflammatory responses and support healthy immune balance. |
| Sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol | SQDG; Plant Sulfolipid | Lipids (Sulfolipid) | Sea Lettuce | Ulva lactuca | Whole Plant | — | Emerging | A sulfonated glycolipid studied for potential antiviral properties and its role in supporting detoxification pathways. |
| Acylated-MGDG | Acyl-MGDG | Lipids (Galactolipid) | Arabidopsis | Arabidopsis thaliana | Leaves | — | Emerging | Studied for its role in lipid remodelling during cellular stress and its potential contribution to wound-healing signalling. |
| TRIACYLGLYCEROLS | ||||||||
| Triolein | Glyceryl trioleate | Lipids (Triacylglycerol) | Olive Tree | Olea europaea | Fruit | — | Moderate | The predominant triacylglycerol of olive oil; may support heart health by providing monounsaturated fats as part of a balanced diet. |
| Trilinolein | Glyceryl trilinoleate | Lipids (Triacylglycerol) | Evening Primrose | Oenothera biennis | Seed | — | Moderate | A source of essential linoleic acid that may support healthy skin, hair, and nail integrity. |
| PLANT STEROLS & STANOLS | ||||||||
| Beta-sitosterol | Beta-Sitosterol; 24-Ethylcholesterol | Lipids (Sterol) | Wheat Germ | Triticum aestivum | Seed | 83-46-5 | High | Competes with cholesterol for intestinal absorption; well-supported for helping maintain healthy blood cholesterol levels. |
| Stigmasterol | — | Lipids (Sterol) | Soybean | Glycine max | Seed | 83-48-7 | Moderate | May contribute to healthy cholesterol balance; studied as a biosynthetic base for steroid hormones. |
| Campesterol | 24-Methylcholesterol | Lipids (Sterol) | Rapeseed | Brassica napus | Seed | 474-62-4 | Moderate | May support cardiovascular health by contributing to a healthy blood lipid profile. |
| Brassicasterol | 24-Methyl-delta5,22-cholestadienol | Lipids (Sterol) | Broccoli | Brassica oleracea | Florets | 474-67-9 | Moderate | A Brassica-specific phytosterol that may contribute to a healthy overall lipid profile. |
| Cycloartenol | — | Lipids (Sterol) | Rice Bran | Oryza sativa | Seed Coat | 469-38-5 | Moderate | A tetracyclic sterol and biosynthetic precursor to other plant sterols; studied for potential antioxidant properties. |
| Spinasterol | — | Lipids (Sterol) | Spinach | Spinacia oleracea | Leaves | — | Moderate | A plant-specific sterol studied for its potential role in supporting healthy cholesterol metabolism. |
| Schottenol | — | Lipids (Sterol) | Prickly Pear | Opuntia ficus-indica | Seeds | — | Moderate | Studied for its potential to support healthy lipid-clearing metabolic pathways. |
| Lophenol | — | Lipids (Sterol) | Aloe Vera | Aloe vera | Leaves | — | Moderate | Studied for its potential to help maintain healthy blood sugar balance and support weight management. |
| Ergosterol | Provitamin D2 | Lipids (Sterol) | Button Mushroom | Agaricus bisporus | Fruit Body | 57-87-4 | High | A sterol precursor that converts to Vitamin D2 on UV exposure; important for bone health and immune system support. |
| Sitostanol | Beta-Sitostanol; 24-Ethylcholestanol | Lipids (Stanol) | Corn | Zea mays | Bran | 19044-59-2 | High | One of the most effective plant-derived compounds for blocking intestinal absorption of dietary cholesterol. |
| Campestanol | 24-Methylcholestanol | Lipids (Stanol) | Oats | Avena sativa | Grains | 474-60-2 | High | May provide a synergistic sterol-lowering effect when combined with other plant sterols to support heart health. |
| 24-Methylene-Cycloartanol | — | Lipids (Sterol) | Rice Bran Oil | Oryza sativa | Seed Coat | — | Moderate | A cycloartenol derivative studied for potential metabolic and cell-protective properties. |
| Sitosteryl Ferulate | Beta-Sitosteryl ferulate; Oryzanol component | Lipids (Sterol Ester) | Rice Bran Oil | Oryza sativa | Bran | — | Moderate | A phytosterol-ferulic acid conjugate studied for potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. |
| Delta-5-Avenasterol | delta5-Avenasterol | Lipids (Sterol) | Oats | Avena sativa | Grains | — | Moderate | May contribute to antioxidant protection of the cardiovascular system and support healthy lipid balance. |
| Delta-7-Avenasterol | delta7-Avenasterol | Lipids (Sterol) | Sunflower Oil | Helianthus annuus | Seed | — | Moderate | May support healthy vascular function and contribute to the maintenance of normal blood vessel resilience. |
| Gramisterol | — | Lipids (Sterol) | Wheat Germ Oil | Triticum aestivum | Seed | — | Moderate | A minor grain sterol that may support normal immune function and healthy lipid metabolism. |
| Citrostadienol | — | Lipids (Sterol) | Citrus Oil | Citrus limon | Peel | — | Moderate | A minor phytosterol that may contribute to healthy metabolic rate and balanced lipid function. |
| Isofucosterol | delta5-Avenasterol (algal/oat form) | Lipids (Sterol) | Oat Bran | Avena sativa | Grain Hull | — | Moderate | May support healthy management of dietary fat absorption and contribute to energy regulation. |
| Cycloartanol | — | Lipids (Sterol) | Rice Bran | Oryza sativa | Bran | — | Moderate | A cyclopropane-containing sterol that may contribute to overall metabolic efficiency and cellular vitality. |
| 24-Ethylidene-Lophenol | — | Lipids (Sterol) | Tobacco | Nicotiana tabacum | Leaves | — | Emerging | Studied as a minor sterol; may provide structural components for healthy nerve membrane architecture. |
| STEROL ESTERS & GLYCOSIDES | ||||||||
| Sitosteryl Glucoside | Beta-Sitosteryl-3-O-glucoside | Lipids (Sterol Glucoside) | Tomato | Solanum lycopersicum | Fruit | — | Moderate | Studied for its potential to support cellular adaptation to physical stress and environmental metabolic changes. |
| Acylated Steryl Glucoside | ASG | Lipids (Sterol Glucoside) | Potato | Solanum tuberosum | Tuber | — | Moderate | May provide long-term structural support for healthy cell membrane architecture and function. |
| Sitosterol-Palmitate | Beta-Sitosteryl palmitate | Lipids (Sterol Ester) | Soybean Oil | Glycine max | Seed Oil | — | Moderate | A sterol ester form that may contribute to maintaining healthy cholesterol levels over time. |
| Campesterol-Oleate | Campesteryl oleate | Lipids (Sterol Ester) | Corn Oil | Zea mays | Seed Oil | — | Moderate | May support a balanced cardiovascular lipid profile and contribute to healthy blood flow. |
| Stigmasterol-Linoleate | Stigmasteryl linoleate | Lipids (Sterol Ester) | Rapeseed Oil | Brassica napus | Seed Oil | — | Moderate | Contributes to the body's supply of essential fats alongside plant-based growth-supportive sterols. |
| TRITERPENOIDS (PENTACYCLIC) | ||||||||
| Ursolic Acid | Urson; Prunol; Malol | Lipids (Triterpenoid) | Apple | Malus domestica | Fruit Peel | 77-52-1 | Moderate | May support the preservation of muscle mass and contribute to healthy metabolic balance; studied in fitness and nutrition contexts. |
| Oleanolic Acid | Caryophyllin | Lipids (Triterpenoid) | Olive Tree | Olea europaea | Leaves | 508-02-1 | Moderate | May support liver health and help maintain the body's natural defence against certain microbial challenges. |
| Betulinic Acid | 3-beta-Hydroxy-lup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid | Lipids (Triterpenoid) | Birch Tree | Betula spp. | Bark | 472-15-1 | Emerging | Studied in laboratory settings for potential antiviral and antiproliferative properties; early-stage research only. |
| Lupeol | Fagarasterol; Monogynol B | Lipids (Triterpenoid) | Mango | Mangifera indica | Fruit Peel | 545-47-1 | Moderate | Studied for potential anti-inflammatory and skin-protective properties; some evidence for photoprotective effects on skin cells. |
| Friedelin | — | Lipids (Triterpenoid) | Cork Oak | Quercus suber | Bark | 559-74-0 | Moderate | Exhibits potential anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties; traditionally used in topical skin-healing applications. |
| Erythrodiol | — | Lipids (Triterpenoid) | Olive Oil | Olea europaea | Fruit | — | Moderate | A pentacyclic triterpenoid that may contribute to the overall antioxidant properties of olive-based diets. |
| Uvaol | — | Lipids (Triterpenoid) | Bearberry | Arctostaphylos uva-ursi | Leaves | — | Moderate | Traditionally associated with urinary tract health support; studied for potential anti-inflammatory properties. |
| Taraxerol | — | Lipids (Triterpenoid) | Dandelion | Taraxacum officinale | Roots | 4066-83-5 | Moderate | Studied for potential liver-supportive and detoxification-promoting properties in traditional herbal wellness. |
| Taraxasterol | — | Lipids (Triterpenoid) | Dandelion | Taraxacum officinale | Flowers | — | Moderate | Studied for potential anti-inflammatory properties that may support joint and connective tissue health. |
| Betulin | Betulinol; Betulol | Lipids (Triterpenoid) | Birch Tree | Betula spp. | Bark | 473-98-3 | Moderate | A major birch bark constituent studied for potential contributions to skin healing and immune defence support. |
| SQUALENE | ||||||||
| Squalene | Spinacene; Supraene; C30 triterpene | Lipids (Terpene / Triterpene) | Olive Oil | Olea europaea | Fruit | 111-02-4 | Moderate | A natural triterpene emollient that may support skin hydration; studied for potential immune-modulating properties. |
| SPHINGOLIPIDS | ||||||||
| Phytosphingosine | 4-Hydroxysphinganine; t18:0 | Lipids (Sphingolipid) | Rice | Oryza sativa | Grains | 554-62-1 | Moderate | Studied for its antimicrobial properties in skincare applications; may help support a healthy skin barrier. |
| Glucosylceramide | GlcCer; Plant Ceramide Glucoside | Lipids (Sphingolipid) | Wheat | Triticum aestivum | Grains | — | Moderate | Oral supplementation has been studied for its potential to improve skin hydration from within the body. |
| Ceramide | N-Acylsphingosine (class) | Lipids (Sphingolipid) | Soybean | Glycine max | Seed | — | Moderate | Studied for its role in restoring the skin's protective barrier and reducing transepidermal water loss. |
| Mannosyl-Inositol-Phosphoceramide | MIPC | Lipids (Sphingolipid) | Tomato | Solanum lycopersicum | Leaves | — | Emerging | A complex sphingolipid studied for plant immune recognition; early-stage research into relevance for human cellular health. |
| Phytosphingosine-1-Phosphate | PhS1P | Lipids (Sphingolipid) | Arabidopsis | Arabidopsis thaliana | Leaves | — | Emerging | A lipid signalling molecule associated with cellular survival signalling and healthy growth regulation. |
| Ceramide-1-Phosphate | C1P | Lipids (Sphingolipid) | Various Plants | N/A | Every Cell | — | Emerging | A bioactive lipid mediator studied for its signalling role in cellular repair and growth in response to physiological stimuli. |
| GIPC (Plant Sphingolipid) | Glycosyl Inositol Phosphoceramide | Lipids (Sphingolipid) | Soybean | Glycine max | Seed | — | Moderate | The most abundant plant sphingolipid class; studied for potential contributions to maintaining healthy cellular cholesterol balance. |
| Mannosyl-GIPC | — | Lipids (Sphingolipid) | Tomato | Solanum lycopersicum | Leaves | — | Emerging | Studied for plant immune recognition roles; early-stage research into relevance for human gut microbiome interactions. |
| Arabinosyl-GIPC | — | Lipids (Sphingolipid) | Legumes | N/A | Roots | — | Emerging | May contribute to gut microbiome diversity through its structural role in plant cell membranes; early-stage research. |
| Galactosyl-GIPC | — | Lipids (Sphingolipid) | Various Plants | N/A | Every Cell | — | Emerging | A structural sphingolipid studied for its potential role in supporting healthy cell membrane communication. |
| Xylosyl-GIPC | — | Lipids (Sphingolipid) | Plant Membranes | N/A | Cell | — | Emerging | A minor sphingolipid class studied for its relevance to the structural resilience of plant and human cell membranes. |
| Fucosyl-GIPC | — | Lipids (Sphingolipid) | Plant Membranes | N/A | Cell | — | Emerging | Plays a role in the structural complexity of plant sphingolipid profiles; studied for relevance to human cell biology. |
| STORAGE PROTEINS — GLOBULINS | ||||||||
| Glycinin | 11S Globulin; Soy Globulin | Protein (Globulin) | Soybean | Glycine max | Seed | — | High | A well-studied complete protein providing all essential amino acids; may support muscle maintenance and bone density. |
| Beta-Conglycinin | 7S Globulin; Soy 7S | Protein (Globulin) | Soybean | Glycine max | Seed | — | Moderate | May contribute to healthy blood lipid balance and support normal glucose metabolism as part of a soy-rich diet. |
| Phaseolin | 7S Vicilin; Bean Globulin | Protein (Globulin) | Kidney Bean | Phaseolus vulgaris | Seed | — | Moderate | Provides essential amino acids for cell repair; may contribute to satiety when consumed as part of a high-protein diet. |
| Vicilin | 7S Globulin; Pea Storage Protein | Protein (Globulin) | Garden Pea | Pisum sativum | Seed | — | Moderate | A well-digestible plant protein that may support general growth, tissue maintenance, and physical recovery. |
| Legumin | 11S Globulin; Pea Legumin | Protein (Globulin) | Broad Bean | Vicia faba | Seed | — | Moderate | Supplies a broad spectrum of amino acids; may support immune cell production and overall physical maintenance. |
| Amandin | 11S Globulin; Almond Protein | Protein (Globulin) | Almond | Prunus dulcis | Nut Kernel | — | Moderate | The primary storage protein of almonds; may support heart health and muscle tissue maintenance as part of a nut-rich diet. |
| Edestin | Cannabis Globulin; Hemp 11S | Protein (Globulin) | Hemp | Cannabis sativa | Seed | — | Moderate | A highly bioavailable plant globulin; studied for potential immune-supportive properties due to its structural similarity to human blood proteins. |
| Cruciferin | 12S Globulin; Brassica Storage Protein | Protein (Globulin) | Mustard | Sinapis alba | Seed | — | Moderate | A Brassica storage protein providing essential amino acids that may support normal tissue repair and regeneration. |
| Excelsin | 11S Globulin; Brazil Nut Protein | Protein (Globulin) | Brazil Nut | Bertholletia excelsa | Nut Kernel | — | Moderate | Rich in selenium-containing amino acids; may support thyroid health and contribute to the antioxidant defence system. |
| Corylin | Hazelnut Globulin | Protein (Globulin) | Hazelnut | Corylus avellana | Nut Kernel | — | Moderate | A nut storage protein providing essential fatty acid-associated amino acids; may support brain function and metabolic health. |
| Juglansin | Walnut 11S Globulin | Protein (Globulin) | Walnut | Juglans regia | Nut Kernel | — | Moderate | Provides essential amino acids alongside heart-healthy fats; may support healthy aging and cognitive function. |
| Cocosin | Coconut Globulin | Protein (Globulin) | Coconut | Cocos nucifera | Endosperm | — | Moderate | A coconut storage protein studied for its potential to support energy levels and healthy fat metabolism. |
| Vignin | Mung Bean Globulin; 8S Globulin | Protein (Globulin) | Mung Bean | Vigna radiata | Seed | — | Moderate | A highly digestible legume protein that may support muscle repair and is generally well-tolerated by the digestive system. |
| Cicerin | Chickpea Globulin | Protein (Globulin) | Chickpea | Cicer arietinum | Seed | — | Moderate | A satiating plant protein that may support healthy weight management and appetite regulation. |
| Linin | Flaxseed Globulin | Protein (Globulin) | Flaxseed | Linum usitatissimum | Seed | — | Moderate | May work synergistically with flaxseed's omega-3 fats to support heart health and hormonal balance. |
| Conglutin | Lupin Globulin; alpha-Conglutin | Protein (Globulin) | Lupin | Lupinus spp. | Seed | — | Moderate | A high-protein legume fraction that may help support healthy post-meal blood sugar levels. |
| STORAGE PROTEINS — PROLAMINS | ||||||||
| Gliadin | Wheat Prolamin; alpha/beta/gamma-Gliadin | Protein (Prolamin) | Wheat | Triticum aestivum | Grain Endosperm | — | High | A wheat storage protein that provides dietary nitrogen; responsible for the viscoelastic properties of gluten. Note: implicated in coeliac disease in susceptible individuals. |
| Glutenin | High/Low MW Glutenin; HMW-GS | Protein (Glutelin) | Wheat | Triticum aestivum | Grain Endosperm | — | High | The glutelin fraction of gluten that contributes to dough strength; provides a structural protein matrix for sustained carbohydrate energy release. |
| Zein | Corn Prolamin; alpha/beta/gamma-Zein | Protein (Prolamin) | Maize (Corn) | Zea mays | Grain Endosperm | — | Moderate | A gluten-free grain protein providing specific amino acid components for cellular energy production and structural support. |
| Hordein | Barley Prolamin; B/C/D-Hordein | Protein (Prolamin) | Barley | Hordeum vulgare | Grain Endosperm | — | Moderate | A barley storage protein that contributes to metabolic support; may cause sensitivity in gluten-intolerant individuals. |
| Secalin | Rye Prolamin; gamma-Secalin | Protein (Prolamin) | Rye | Secale cereale | Grain Endosperm | — | Moderate | A rye storage protein that contributes to dietary protein intake; may cause sensitivity in coeliac or gluten-sensitive individuals. |
| Avenin | Oat Prolamin | Protein (Prolamin) | Oats | Avena sativa | Grain Endosperm | — | Moderate | A gentle, well-tolerated oat protein that may contribute to heart health and muscle recovery when consumed as part of a balanced diet. |
| Kafirin | Sorghum Prolamin; alpha/beta-Kafirin | Protein (Prolamin) | Sorghum | Sorghum bicolor | Grain Endosperm | — | Moderate | A gluten-free grain protein that provides a hypoallergenic protein source and may support healthy metabolic function. |
| STORAGE PROTEINS — GLUTELINS & ALBUMINS | ||||||||
| Oryzenin | Rice Glutelin; Rice Protein | Protein (Glutelin) | Rice | Oryza sativa | Grain Endosperm | — | Moderate | A hypoallergenic, easily digestible plant protein that may support muscle maintenance without triggering common grain allergies. |
| Napin | 2S Albumin; Rapeseed 2S | Protein (Albumin) | Rapeseed / Canola | Brassica napus | Seed | — | Moderate | A sulfur-rich small storage protein; may provide cysteine and methionine for healthy skin, hair, and antioxidant defence. |
| Lunasin | Bioactive Soy Peptide; 2S Albumin fragment | Protein (Albumin) | Soybean | Glycine max | Seed | — | Moderate | A bioactive peptide studied for potential anti-inflammatory properties and support of healthy cell cycle regulation. |
| Leukosin | Wheat Albumin; WGA-related | Protein (Albumin) | Wheat | Triticum aestivum | Grain | — | Moderate | A water-soluble wheat protein that contributes to the overall nutritional value of whole-wheat foods. |
| Legumelin | Soy Albumin fraction | Protein (Albumin) | Soybean | Glycine max | Seed | — | Moderate | Supplies essential amino acids for daily cellular repair and growth as part of a complete plant protein diet. |
| LECTINS | ||||||||
| Concanavalin A | Con A; Jack Bean Lectin | Protein (Lectin) | Jack Bean | Canavalia ensiformis | Seed | — | Moderate | A well-characterised mitogenic lectin widely used in immunological research to study T-cell activation and immune surveillance. |
| Wheat Germ Agglutinin | WGA | Protein (Lectin) | Wheat | Triticum aestivum | Germ | — | Moderate | A chitin-binding lectin studied for its interaction with gut epithelial surfaces; subject of ongoing research into digestive health effects. |
| PROTEASE ENZYMES (HYDROLASES) | ||||||||
| Papain | Papaya Protease; EC 3.4.22.2 | Enzyme (Hydrolase / Protease) | Papaya | Carica papaya | Fruit (Latex) | — | High | Effectively breaks down dietary proteins to support comfortable digestion; may help reduce post-meal bloating and digestive discomfort. |
| Bromelain | Pineapple Protease; EC 3.4.22.32 | Enzyme (Hydrolase / Protease) | Pineapple | Ananas comosus | Fruit and Stem | — | High | May support reduction of localised swelling and discomfort; studied for its role in aiding digestion of protein-rich foods. |
| Actinidin | Kiwifruit Protease; EC 3.4.22.14 | Enzyme (Hydrolase / Protease) | Kiwifruit | Actinidia deliciosa | Fruit | — | Moderate | Studied for its ability to specifically improve digestion of proteins from meat, eggs, and dairy, potentially improving gut comfort. |
| Ficin | Fig Protease; EC 3.4.22.3 | Enzyme (Hydrolase / Protease) | Fig | Ficus carica | Fruit (Latex) | — | Moderate | A plant cysteine protease that may aid in protein digestion and has been studied for potential soothing effects in the gut. |
| CARBOHYDRASE ENZYMES (HYDROLASES) | ||||||||
| Alpha-Amylase | 1,4-alpha-D-glucan glucanohydrolase; EC 3.2.1.1 | Enzyme (Hydrolase / Carbohydrase) | Mango | Mangifera indica | Fruit | — | High | Catalyses the hydrolysis of dietary starch into shorter oligosaccharides, supporting efficient carbohydrate digestion and energy availability. |
| Beta-Amylase | 1,4-alpha-D-glucan maltohydrolase; EC 3.2.1.2 | Enzyme (Hydrolase / Carbohydrase) | Sweet Potato | Ipomoea batatas | Tuber | — | Moderate | Slowly releases maltose from starch; may support a more gradual and sustained release of glucose into the bloodstream. |
| Cellulase | EC 3.2.1.4 | Enzyme (Hydrolase / Carbohydrase) | Sprouts | Medicago sativa | Whole Sprout | — | Moderate | May assist in breaking down plant cell wall fibers, potentially reducing bloating and improving regularity. |
| Invertase | Beta-fructofuranosidase; EC 3.2.1.26 | Enzyme (Hydrolase / Carbohydrase) | Honey (via Pollen) | N/A | Pollen / Nectar | — | Moderate | Converts sucrose into glucose and fructose, providing rapidly available cellular energy. |
| Pectinase | Polygalacturonase (class); EC 3.2.1.15 | Enzyme (Hydrolase / Carbohydrase) | Apple | Malus domestica | Fruit | — | Moderate | Breaks down pectin in plant cell walls; may improve bioavailability of vitamins and minerals from plant foods. |
| Maltase | Alpha-glucosidase; EC 3.2.1.20 | Enzyme (Hydrolase / Carbohydrase) | Banana | Musa acuminata | Fruit | — | High | Completes the digestion of maltose into glucose at the intestinal brush border, supporting steady energy supply. |
| Sucrase | Beta-fructosidase; EC 3.2.1.48 | Enzyme (Hydrolase / Carbohydrase) | Sugarcane | Saccharum officinarum | Stem Juice | — | High | Hydrolyses dietary sucrose to glucose and fructose; essential for normal carbohydrate digestion and energy metabolism. |
| Alpha-Galactosidase | EC 3.2.1.22 | Enzyme (Hydrolase / Carbohydrase) | Beans | Phaseolus spp. | Seed | — | Moderate | May reduce the production of gas and bloating from consuming high-fiber legumes by breaking down indigestible oligosaccharides. |
| Beta-Glucosidase | EC 3.2.1.21 | Enzyme (Hydrolase / Carbohydrase) | Almonds | Prunus dulcis | Nut | — | Moderate | Unlocks bioactive aglycone compounds from plant glycosides, potentially improving their availability for health support. |
| Glucanase | EC 3.2.1.6 | Enzyme (Hydrolase / Carbohydrase) | Barley | Hordeum vulgare | Grain | — | Moderate | Breaks down beta-glucan fibers; may support the release of heart-healthy fiber fractions from cereal grains. |
| Xylanase | EC 3.2.1.8 | Enzyme (Hydrolase / Carbohydrase) | Oat Bran | Avena sativa | Grain | — | Moderate | May aid in the breakdown of tough hemicellulose fibers from whole grains, improving digestive comfort. |
| Hemicellulase | EC 3.2.1 (class) | Enzyme (Hydrolase / Carbohydrase) | Whole Grains | Various | Seed Coat | — | Moderate | Breaks down complex hemicellulose polysaccharides to release prebiotic fragments that feed beneficial gut bacteria. |
| Alpha-Glucosidase | EC 3.2.1.20 | Enzyme (Hydrolase / Carbohydrase) | Buckwheat | Fagopyrum esculentum | Seed | — | Moderate | Plays a key role in the final hydrolysis of starch at the intestinal surface; inhibition of this enzyme is a studied approach to blood sugar management. |
| Polygalacturonase | EC 3.2.1.15 | Enzyme (Hydrolase / Carbohydrase) | Tomato | Solanum lycopersicum | Fruit | — | Moderate | A fruit-ripening enzyme that breaks down pectin, improving the bioavailability of antioxidants and beneficial plant pigments. |
| Pectin Methylesterase | EC 3.1.1.11 | Enzyme (Hydrolase / Carbohydrase) | Orange | Citrus sinensis | Fruit | — | Moderate | Works alongside pectinase to support the healthy breakdown of fruit fiber; may contribute to normal digestive tract function. |
| Myrosinase | Thioglucosidase; EC 3.2.1.147 | Enzyme (Hydrolase / Carbohydrase) | Broccoli | Brassica oleracea | Florets | — | High | Activates glucosinolate hydrolysis to produce bioactive compounds including sulforaphane; requires intact plant tissue for activity. |
| Lactase | Beta-galactosidase; EC 3.2.1.23 | Enzyme (Hydrolase / Carbohydrase) | Fermented Soy | Glycine max | Bean (Fermented) | — | High | Hydrolyses lactose into glucose and galactose; supplementation may support digestive comfort in lactose-sensitive individuals. |
| Phytase | EC 3.1.3.8 | Enzyme (Hydrolase / Carbohydrase) | Wheat Bran | Triticum aestivum | Outer Layer | — | Moderate | Hydrolyses phytic acid in cereal grains, potentially improving the bioavailability of minerals such as iron, zinc, and calcium. |
| Urease | EC 3.5.1.5 | Enzyme (Hydrolase) | Jack Bean | Canavalia ensiformis | Seed | — | Moderate | Catalyses the hydrolysis of urea; studied for its role in nitrogen metabolism and efficient protein utilisation. |
| Asparaginase | L-Asparaginase; EC 3.5.1.1 | Enzyme (Hydrolase) | Asparagus | Asparagus officinalis | Spears | — | Moderate | Breaks down asparagine in plant foods; studied for its role in supporting healthy cell cycle dynamics. |
| Arginase | EC 3.5.3.1 | Enzyme (Hydrolase) | Soybean | Glycine max | Seed | — | Moderate | Catalyses the final step of the urea cycle, helping the liver process nitrogen waste from dietary protein. |
| LIPASE ENZYMES (HYDROLASES) | ||||||||
| Lipase | Triacylglycerol lipase; EC 3.1.1.3 | Enzyme (Hydrolase / Lipase) | Avocado | Persea americana | Fruit | — | High | Catalyses the hydrolysis of dietary fats into fatty acids and glycerol, supporting absorption of fat-soluble vitamins and essential fats. |
| OXIDOREDUCTASE ENZYMES | ||||||||
| Superoxide Dismutase | SOD; EC 1.15.1.1 | Enzyme (Oxidoreductase) | Wheatgrass | Triticum aestivum | Young Leaves | — | High | A primary cellular antioxidant enzyme that dismutates superoxide radicals; studied for its role in supporting healthy aging and oxidative stress management. |
| Catalase | EC 1.11.1.6 | Enzyme (Oxidoreductase) | Potato | Solanum tuberosum | Tuber | — | High | Neutralises hydrogen peroxide produced in metabolic processes, protecting cells and tissues from oxidative damage. |
| Peroxidase | EC 1.11.1 | Enzyme (Oxidoreductase) | Horseradish | Armoracia rusticana | Root | — | Moderate | Supports the body's oxidative defence pathways; studied for its role in detoxification and immune system function. |
| Polyphenol Oxidase | PPO; Tyrosinase (plant); EC 1.10.3.1 | Enzyme (Oxidoreductase) | Banana | Musa acuminata | Fruit | — | Moderate | Involved in phenolic compound oxidation during ripening; studied for its role in making antioxidant plant compounds more bioavailable. |
| Lipoxygenase | LOX; EC 1.13.11.12 | Enzyme (Oxidoreductase) | Soybean | Glycine max | Seed | — | Moderate | Metabolises polyunsaturated fatty acids to produce oxylipins; plays a regulatory role in cell membrane integrity and inflammatory balance. |
| Ascorbate Peroxidase | APX; EC 1.11.1.11 | Enzyme (Oxidoreductase) | Spinach | Spinacia oleracea | Leaves | — | Moderate | Works in concert with Vitamin C to neutralise hydrogen peroxide; may contribute to the antioxidant capacity of green leafy vegetable consumption. |
| Glucose Oxidase | GOx; EC 1.1.3.4 | Enzyme (Oxidoreductase) | Honey (via Nectar) | N/A | Nectar | — | Moderate | Produces hydrogen peroxide as a by-product; studied for its potential contribution to maintaining a healthy microbial balance in fermented foods. |
| Glutathione Peroxidase | GPx; EC 1.11.1.9 | Enzyme (Oxidoreductase) | Garlic | Allium sativum | Bulb | — | High | A selenium-dependent antioxidant enzyme that protects cells from lipid peroxidation and supports healthy detoxification of heavy metals. |
| Ascorbate Oxidase | EC 1.10.3.3 | Enzyme (Oxidoreductase) | Cucumber | Cucumis sativus | Fruit | — | Moderate | Regulates the oxidation state of ascorbic acid in plant tissues; studied for its interaction with Vitamin C metabolism. |
| Tyrosinase | EC 1.14.18.1 | Enzyme (Oxidoreductase) | Button Mushroom | Agaricus bisporus | Fruit Body | — | Moderate | Involved in melanin biosynthesis and phenolic compound processing; studied for its role in skin health and general metabolic regulation. |
| Nitrogenase | EC 1.18.6.1 | Enzyme (Oxidoreductase) | Peas | Pisum sativum | Roots | — | High | The enzyme responsible for biological nitrogen fixation in legume root nodules; the foundational source of bioavailable nitrogen in plant-based protein foods. |
| Lactate Dehydrogenase | LDH; EC 1.1.1.27 | Enzyme (Oxidoreductase) | Peas | Pisum sativum | Seed | — | Moderate | Interconverts lactate and pyruvate; studied for its role in supporting muscle endurance and anaerobic energy metabolism. |
| Malate Dehydrogenase | MDH; EC 1.1.1.37 | Enzyme (Oxidoreductase) | Apple | Malus domestica | Fruit | — | Moderate | A key enzyme of the citric acid cycle linking malate and oxaloacetate; central to maintaining cellular energy production. |
| Succinate Dehydrogenase | SDH; EC 1.3.5.1 | Enzyme (Oxidoreductase) | Millet | Panicum miliaceum | Seed | — | Moderate | A membrane-bound enzyme at the intersection of the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain; important for efficient mitochondrial energy generation. |
| Alcohol Dehydrogenase | ADH; EC 1.1.1.1 | Enzyme (Oxidoreductase) | Orange | Citrus sinensis | Fruit | — | Moderate | Catalyses the interconversion of alcohols and aldehydes; plays a role in the detoxification of naturally occurring organic compounds. |
| Glutamate Dehydrogenase | GDH; EC 1.4.1.2 | Enzyme (Oxidoreductase) | Peanuts | Arachis hypogaea | Seed | — | Moderate | Plays a central role in amino acid catabolism and the integration of protein and carbohydrate metabolism for energy balance. |
| Nitrate Reductase | NR; EC 1.7.1.1 | Enzyme (Oxidoreductase) | Beetroot | Beta vulgaris | Root | — | Moderate | Reduces dietary nitrate to nitrite, which the body further converts to nitric oxide; may support healthy blood pressure and circulation. |
| Glyceraldehyde-3-P Dehydrogenase | GAPDH; EC 1.2.1.12 | Enzyme (Oxidoreductase) | Kale | Brassica oleracea | Leaves | — | High | A central glycolytic enzyme that catalyses the conversion of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and directly releases energy from dietary sugars. |
| Malic Enzyme | ME; EC 1.1.1.40 | Enzyme (Oxidoreductase) | Apple | Malus domestica | Fruit | — | Moderate | Catalyses the oxidative decarboxylation of malate; studied for its role in supporting the biosynthesis of healthy fats and NADPH generation. |
| Glutathione Reductase | GR; EC 1.8.1.7 | Enzyme (Oxidoreductase) | Spinach | Spinacia oleracea | Leaves | — | High | Regenerates reduced glutathione from its oxidised form, maintaining the body's primary antioxidant defence and cellular redox balance. |
| Thioredoxin Reductase | TrxR; EC 1.8.1.9 | Enzyme (Oxidoreductase) | Wheat Germ | Triticum aestivum | Germ | — | Moderate | Maintains the thioredoxin system, which plays a key role in DNA repair, antioxidant defence, and cellular stress responses. |
| Homoserine Dehydrogenase | EC 1.1.1.3 | Enzyme (Oxidoreductase) | Barley | Hordeum vulgare | Grain | — | Moderate | An enzyme in the aspartate family amino acid biosynthesis pathway; studied as an essential contributor to the production of amino acids required for tissue repair. |
| Omega-3 Desaturase | FAD3; EC 1.14.19.25 | Enzyme (Oxidoreductase) | Chia Seeds | Salvia hispanica | Seed | — | Moderate | Introduces the omega-3 double bond into linoleic acid; the key enzyme determining ALA content in flaxseed, chia, and other plant omega-3 sources. |
| Sarcosine Oxidase | EC 1.5.3.1 | Enzyme (Oxidoreductase) | Wheat Bran | Triticum aestivum | Outer Layer | — | Emerging | Studied for its role in amino acid catabolism and maintaining efficient metabolic clearance of certain nitrogen-containing compounds. |
| L-Amino Acid Oxidase | LAAO; EC 1.4.3.2 | Enzyme (Oxidoreductase) | Peas | Pisum sativum | Seed | — | Emerging | Studied for its role in amino acid catabolism and its antimicrobial properties in plant defence systems. |
| Urate Oxidase | Uricase; EC 1.7.3.3 | Enzyme (Oxidoreductase) | Soybean | Glycine max | Seed | — | Moderate | Catalyses the oxidation of uric acid; studied for its potential to support healthy uric acid balance and joint function. |
| Xanthine Oxidase | XO; EC 1.17.3.2 | Enzyme (Oxidoreductase) | Milk Thistle | Silybum marianum | Seed | — | Moderate | Involved in purine catabolism; studied in the context of uric acid management and its relationship to healthy blood chemistry. |
| Cytochrome c Reductase | EC 1.6.99.3 | Enzyme (Oxidoreductase) | Spinach | Spinacia oleracea | Leaves | — | Moderate | A component of the mitochondrial electron transport chain; essential for efficient cellular energy transfer and ATP production. |
| LYASE ENZYMES | ||||||||
| Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase | PAL; EC 4.3.1.24 | Enzyme (Lyase) | Strawberry | Fragaria ananassa | Fruit | — | Moderate | A key enzyme initiating the phenylpropanoid pathway; triggers the production of plant polyphenols and antioxidants relevant to cardiovascular health. |
| Aldolase | Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase; EC 4.1.2.13 | Enzyme (Lyase) | Peas | Pisum sativum | Seed | — | High | A central glycolytic enzyme that cleaves fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, enabling the efficient conversion of dietary sugars into cellular energy. |
| Pyruvate Decarboxylase | PDC; EC 4.1.1.1 | Enzyme (Lyase) | Grapes | Vitis vinifera | Fruit | — | Moderate | Converts pyruvate to acetaldehyde during anaerobic fermentation; studied in the context of producing fermented plant foods that support gut wellness. |
| Carbonic Anhydrase | CA; EC 4.2.1.1 | Enzyme (Lyase) | Kale | Brassica oleracea | Leaves | — | High | Catalyses the reversible hydration of CO2; essential for maintaining the acid-base balance of blood and efficient respiratory gas exchange. |
| Terpene Synthase | TPS; EC 4.2.3 (class) | Enzyme (Lyase) | Peppermint | Mentha piperita | Leaves | — | Moderate | Produces plant terpenoid compounds including menthol and limonene; the source enzyme for aromatic botanical extracts studied for digestive and respiratory comfort. |
| Alliinase | Alliin lyase; EC 4.4.1.4 | Enzyme (Lyase) | Garlic | Allium sativum | Bulb | — | High | Converts alliin to allicin when garlic tissue is disrupted; activates the primary heart-health and antimicrobial compounds in garlic. |
| Enolase | Phosphopyruvate hydratase; EC 4.2.1.11 | Enzyme (Lyase) | Potato | Solanum tuberosum | Tuber | — | High | A key glycolytic enzyme that catalyses the penultimate step of glycolysis, contributing directly to cellular energy production. |
| Fumarase | Fumarate hydratase; EC 4.2.1.2 | Enzyme (Lyase) | Citrus Fruits | Citrus spp. | Fruit | — | High | Catalyses the reversible hydration of fumarate to malate in the citric acid cycle; essential for continuous cellular energy production. |
| Cysteine Synthase | O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase; EC 2.5.1.47 | Enzyme (Lyase) | Onions | Allium cepa | Bulb | — | Moderate | Synthesises the amino acid cysteine, which is essential for glutathione production, liver detoxification, and healthy hair and skin. |
| Ornithine Decarboxylase | ODC; EC 4.1.1.17 | Enzyme (Lyase) | Tomato | Solanum lycopersicum | Fruit | — | Moderate | Catalyses the first step of polyamine biosynthesis; polyamines play a fundamental role in the rapid repair and growth of body tissues. |
| Arginine Decarboxylase | ADC; EC 4.1.1.19 | Enzyme (Lyase) | Oats | Avena sativa | Grain | — | Moderate | Produces agmatine and other polyamine precursors; studied for their potential role in supporting the body's resilience to metabolic stress. |
| Threonine Dehydratase | EC 4.3.1.19 | Enzyme (Lyase) | Soybean | Glycine max | Seed | — | Moderate | Converts threonine to alpha-ketobutyrate for energy; contributes to the efficient use of amino acids during periods of elevated energy demand. |
| Threonine Synthase | TS; EC 4.2.3.1 | Enzyme (Lyase) | Oats | Avena sativa | Grain | — | Moderate | Synthesises the essential amino acid threonine from homoserine phosphate; contributes to the amino acid completeness of oat-based protein. |
| Cystathionine Beta-Lyase | CBL; EC 4.4.1.8 | Enzyme (Lyase) | Broccoli | Brassica oleracea | Flower Buds | — | Moderate | Participates in the sulfur amino acid metabolism pathway; studied for its contribution to healthy liver sulfur cycle function. |
| TRANSFERASE ENZYMES | ||||||||
| Hexokinase | HK; EC 2.7.1.1 | Enzyme (Transferase) | Wheat | Triticum aestivum | Grain | — | High | Phosphorylates glucose as the first committed step of glycolysis; the rate-limiting entry point for dietary glucose into cellular energy metabolism. |
| Pyruvate Kinase | PK; EC 2.7.1.40 | Enzyme (Transferase) | Potato | Solanum tuberosum | Tuber | — | High | Catalyses the final ATP-generating step of glycolysis; essential for the efficient conversion of food into energy to sustain physical activity. |
| Phosphoglycerate Kinase | PGK; EC 2.7.2.3 | Enzyme (Transferase) | Spinach | Spinacia oleracea | Leaves | — | High | Generates ATP directly from dietary carbohydrate breakdown; a primary energy-yielding step in glycolysis used by all cells. |
| Glutathione S-Transferase | GST; EC 2.5.1.18 | Enzyme (Transferase) | Cabbage | Brassica oleracea | Leaves | — | High | Conjugates glutathione to electrophilic compounds; plays a central role in the liver's detoxification of potentially harmful dietary and environmental chemicals. |
| Hexokinase | Glucokinase (Liver); EC 2.7.1.2 | Enzyme (Transferase) | Rice | Oryza sativa | Grain | — | High | Acts as a glucose sensor in hepatocytes; helps the body maintain a healthy blood sugar response after carbohydrate-containing meals. |
| Fructokinase | Ketohexokinase; EC 2.7.1.4 | Enzyme (Transferase) | Tomato | Solanum lycopersicum | Fruit | — | Moderate | Phosphorylates dietary fructose specifically in the liver; studied in the context of understanding healthy fructose metabolism and metabolic balance. |
| Phosphofructokinase | PFK; EC 2.7.1.11 | Enzyme (Transferase) | Sweet Potato | Ipomoea batatas | Tuber | — | High | A master regulatory enzyme of glycolysis that controls the rate of glucose breakdown; central to matching energy supply with physical demand. |
| UDP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase | UGPase; EC 2.7.7.9 | Enzyme (Transferase) | Rice | Oryza sativa | Grain | — | Moderate | Synthesises UDP-glucose, the activated sugar donor used for glycogen and cellulose biosynthesis, supporting healthy energy storage between meals. |
| Branching Enzyme | Starch Branching Enzyme; EC 2.4.1.18 | Enzyme (Transferase) | Potato | Solanum tuberosum | Tuber | — | Moderate | Creates branch points in starch and glycogen molecules; influences the digestibility of starch and the production of resistant starch fractions that feed gut bacteria. |
| S-Adenosylmethionine Synthetase | SAM Synthetase; EC 2.5.1.6 | Enzyme (Transferase) | Garlic | Allium sativum | Bulb | — | Moderate | Synthesises SAM, the primary methyl donor in the body; supports liver health, mood-related neurotransmitter synthesis, and the production of sulfur-containing wellness compounds. |
| Glycosyltransferase | GT; EC 2.4 (class) | Enzyme (Transferase) | Stevia | Stevia rebaudiana | Leaves | — | Moderate | A large enzyme family responsible for attaching sugar groups to plant compounds; the enzymes that produce steviol glycosides, the naturally sweet compounds in stevia. |
| Methyltransferase | MT; EC 2.1.1 (class) | Enzyme (Transferase) | Beetroot | Beta vulgaris | Root | — | Moderate | Catalyses the transfer of methyl groups to a wide range of biological targets; plays a broad role in liver detoxification, DNA methylation, and energy metabolism. |
| Citrate Synthase | CS; EC 2.3.3.1 | Enzyme (Transferase) | Lemon | Citrus limon | Fruit | — | High | Catalyses the entry of acetyl-CoA into the citric acid cycle; the rate-controlling 'spark' that initiates cellular energy production from food. |
| Alanine Aminotransferase | ALT; EC 2.6.1.2 | Enzyme (Transferase) | Green Leafy Veg | Various | Leaves | — | Moderate | Interconverts alanine and pyruvate; a key enzyme for converting amino acids into energy and maintaining healthy liver metabolic function. |
| Aspartate Aminotransferase | AST; EC 2.6.1.1 | Enzyme (Transferase) | Root Vegetables | Various | Roots | — | Moderate | Links amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism; essential for ensuring continuous energy availability in heart and liver cells. |
| Branched-Chain Aminotransferase | BCAT; EC 2.6.1.42 | Enzyme (Transferase) | Garden Peas | Pisum sativum | Seed | — | Moderate | Catalyses the first step in the catabolism of branched-chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, valine); studied for its role in muscle protein synthesis and recovery. |
| Glycine Hydroxymethyltransferase | SHMT; EC 2.1.2.1 | Enzyme (Transferase) | Rice | Oryza sativa | Grain | — | Moderate | Interconverts glycine and serine while transferring one-carbon units; essential for folate metabolism and healthy DNA synthesis. |
| Serine Hydroxymethyltransferase | SHMT; EC 2.1.2.1 | Enzyme (Transferase) | Spinach | Spinacia oleracea | Leaves | — | Moderate | A central enzyme linking amino acid metabolism to folate-dependent one-carbon metabolism; essential for healthy cell replication. |
| Methionine Synthase | MS; EC 2.1.1.13 | Enzyme (Transferase) | Lentils | Lens culinaris | Seed | — | Moderate | Regenerates methionine from homocysteine using folate and B12; studied for its role in maintaining healthy homocysteine levels as a cardiovascular marker. |
| Spermidine Synthase | SpdS; EC 2.5.1.16 | Enzyme (Transferase) | Wheat Germ | Triticum aestivum | Germ | — | Moderate | Synthesises spermidine, a polyamine associated with cellular autophagy and longevity signalling; studied in the context of healthy aging. |
| Betaine-Homocysteine Methyltransferase | BHMT; EC 2.1.1.5 | Enzyme (Transferase) | Beetroot | Beta vulgaris | Root | — | Moderate | Converts homocysteine to methionine using betaine; may support healthy cardiovascular function by contributing to normal homocysteine balance. |
| Phytoene Synthase | PSY; EC 2.5.1.32 | Enzyme (Transferase) | Carrot | Daucus carota | Root | — | Moderate | Catalyses the first committed step of carotenoid biosynthesis; the enzyme that initiates the production of beta-carotene and the provitamin A found in colourful plants. |
| Lycopene Beta-Cyclase | LYCB; EC 5.5.1.19 | Enzyme (Isomerase) | Pumpkin | Cucurbita maxima | Fruit | — | Moderate | Converts the linear carotenoid lycopene into cyclic beta-carotene; the enzyme responsible for producing Vitamin A precursors from plant pigments. |
| Thiolase | Acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase; EC 2.3.1.9 | Enzyme (Transferase) | Sunflower Seeds | Helianthus annuus | Seed | — | Moderate | Catalyses the thiolytic cleavage of acetoacetyl-CoA; plays a key role in fatty acid beta-oxidation and healthy fat-derived energy production. |
| Beta-Ketoacyl-ACP Synthase | KAS; EC 2.3.1.41 | Enzyme (Transferase) | Coconut | Cocos nucifera | Endosperm | — | Moderate | A key enzyme in de novo fatty acid synthesis; determines the chain length and type of fatty acids produced in plant seeds. |
| Glycerol-3-Phosphate Acyltransferase | GPAT; EC 2.3.1.15 | Enzyme (Transferase) | Avocado | Persea americana | Fruit | — | Moderate | Catalyses the first step in glycerolipid biosynthesis; essential for building the structural phospholipids that comprise every human cell membrane. |
| Malate Synthase | MS; EC 2.3.3.9 | Enzyme (Transferase) | Sunflower Seeds | Helianthus annuus | Seed | — | Moderate | A glyoxylate cycle enzyme that converts acetyl-CoA and glyoxylate to malate; studied for its role in the efficient conversion of stored fats to cellular energy. |
| Creatine Kinase | CK; EC 2.7.3.2 | Enzyme (Transferase) | Whole Grains | Various | Grain | — | Moderate | Catalyses the transfer of a phosphate group to ADP to regenerate ATP; plays a central role in the rapid energy demands of muscle and nerve tissues. |
| Adenylate Kinase | AK; EC 2.7.4.3 | Enzyme (Transferase) | Spinach | Spinacia oleracea | Leaves | — | Moderate | Maintains the cellular energy charge by interconverting ATP, ADP, and AMP; acts as a sensitive sensor and regulator of cellular energy status. |
| Nucleoside-Diphosphate Kinase | NDPK; EC 2.7.4.6 | Enzyme (Transferase) | Kale | Brassica oleracea | Leaves | — | Moderate | Synthesises nucleoside triphosphates from ATP; provides the activated nucleotide building blocks required for DNA and RNA repair and synthesis. |
| RNA Polymerase | RNAP; EC 2.7.7.6 | Enzyme (Transferase) | Rice Germ | Oryza sativa | Germ | — | High | Transcribes DNA into RNA; the fundamental enzyme required for the expression of all genetic information and the production of proteins. |
| Ornithine Carbamoyltransferase | OTC; EC 2.1.3.3 | Enzyme (Transferase) | Peanuts | Arachis hypogaea | Seed | — | Moderate | A central enzyme of the urea cycle that helps the liver safely convert protein-derived ammonia into urea for excretion. |
| Phosphoglucoisomerase | PGI; EC 5.3.1.9 | Enzyme (Isomerase) | Corn | Zea mays | Grain | — | High | Interconverts glucose-6-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate; an essential step in glycolysis for converting dietary glucose into usable cellular fuel. |
| ISOMERASE ENZYMES | ||||||||
| Glucose Isomerase | Xylose isomerase; EC 5.3.1.5 | Enzyme (Isomerase) | Barley | Hordeum vulgare | Grain | — | Moderate | Interconverts glucose and fructose; widely used in the food industry and studied for its role in balanced dietary sugar management. |
| Triose Phosphate Isomerase | TPI; EC 5.3.1.1 | Enzyme (Isomerase) | Spinach | Spinacia oleracea | Leaves | — | High | Interconverts the two triose phosphate intermediates of glycolysis; essential for the efficient extraction of energy from every glucose molecule. |
| Epimerase | UDP-glucose 4-epimerase; EC 5.1.3.2 | Enzyme (Isomerase) | Soybean | Glycine max | Seed | — | Moderate | Interconverts UDP-glucose and UDP-galactose; essential for the body's biosynthesis of glycoproteins and cell membrane glycolipids. |
| Racemase | Alanine racemase; EC 5.1.1.1 | Enzyme (Isomerase) | Alfalfa | Medicago sativa | Leaves | — | Moderate | Interconverts L- and D-amino acids; studied for its role in the proper formation of structural proteins and supporting a healthy gut microbiome. |
| LIGASE ENZYMES | ||||||||
| DNA Ligase | EC 6.5.1.1 | Enzyme (Ligase) | Broccoli Sprouts | Brassica oleracea | Whole Sprout | — | High | Catalyses the joining of DNA strand breaks; an essential enzyme for the faithful repair and replication of the human genome. |
| Glutamine Synthetase | GS; EC 6.3.1.2 | Enzyme (Ligase) | Peanuts | Arachis hypogaea | Seed | — | High | Synthesises glutamine from glutamate and ammonia; glutamine is the primary fuel for immune cells and a key molecule for maintaining gut lining integrity. |
| Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase | ACC; EC 6.4.1.2 | Enzyme (Ligase) | Sunflower | Helianthus annuus | Seed | — | Moderate | Catalyses the rate-limiting step in de novo fatty acid synthesis; determines the body's capacity to produce healthy structural and regulatory fats. |
| Pyruvate Carboxylase | PC; EC 6.4.1.1 | Enzyme (Ligase) | Soybean | Glycine max | Seed | — | Moderate | Converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate, replenishing the citric acid cycle; essential for maintaining the steady supply of energy in heart and brain tissues. |
| S-Adenosylmethionine Synthetase | MAT; EC 2.5.1.6 | Enzyme (Ligase) | Garlic | Allium sativum | Bulb | — | Moderate | Synthesises SAM from methionine and ATP; SAM is the universal methyl donor supporting mood-related neurotransmitter synthesis and liver function. |
| Leucyl-tRNA Synthetase | LeuRS; EC 6.1.1.4 | Enzyme (Ligase) | Pumpkin Seeds | Cucurbita pepo | Seed | — | Moderate | Aminoacylates leucine onto its cognate tRNA; plays a role in nutrient sensing and has been studied as an activator of the mTOR pathway regulating muscle protein synthesis. |
| Tryptophanyl-tRNA Synthetase | TrpRS; EC 6.1.1.2 | Enzyme (Ligase) | Chia Seeds | Salvia hispanica | Seed | — | Moderate | Ensures tryptophan is correctly incorporated during protein synthesis; studied for its connection to the production of serotonin and sleep-supporting melatonin. |
| Lysine-tRNA Ligase | LysRS; EC 6.1.1.6 | Enzyme (Ligase) | Quinoa | Chenopodium quinoa | Seed | — | Moderate | Ensures the accurate incorporation of lysine into proteins; lysine is an essential amino acid critical for collagen synthesis and tissue repair. |
| Tyrosine-tRNA Ligase | TyrRS; EC 6.1.1.1 | Enzyme (Ligase) | Pumpkin Seeds | Cucurbita pepo | Seed | — | Moderate | Ensures tyrosine is correctly incorporated during protein synthesis; studied for its links to neurotransmitter and thyroid hormone production. |
| Valine-tRNA Ligase | ValRS; EC 6.1.1.9 | Enzyme (Ligase) | Lentils | Lens culinaris | Seed | — | Moderate | Required for the correct incorporation of valine into proteins; valine is a branched-chain amino acid important for muscle repair and recovery. |
| Histidine-tRNA Ligase | HisRS; EC 6.1.1.21 | Enzyme (Ligase) | Peanuts | Arachis hypogaea | Seed | — | Moderate | Ensures histidine is correctly incorporated during protein synthesis; studied for its connection to the production of histamine and the body's inflammatory response. |
| Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase | CPS; EC 6.3.4.16 | Enzyme (Ligase) | Sunflower Seeds | Helianthus annuus | Seed | — | Moderate | Initiates the urea cycle by synthesising carbamoyl phosphate; essential for the liver's safe disposal of excess dietary protein nitrogen. |
| MULTI-FUNCTIONAL / COMPLEX PROTEINS | ||||||||
| RuBisCo | Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase; EC 4.1.1.39 | Protein / Enzyme | Spinach | Spinacia oleracea | Leaves | — | Moderate | The most abundant protein on Earth; provides a nutritionally complete amino acid profile when consumed as a leaf protein concentrate, with emerging interest as a sustainable plant protein source. |
| Ribonuclease | RNase; EC 3.1.26.4 | Enzyme (Hydrolase) | Spinach | Spinacia oleracea | Leaves | — | Moderate | Catalyses the degradation of RNA; involved in cellular RNA turnover and the recycling of nucleotide building blocks. |
| Deoxyribonuclease | DNase; EC 3.1.21.1 | Enzyme (Hydrolase) | Tomato | Solanum lycopersicum | Fruit | — | Moderate | Catalyses the hydrolysis of DNA; plays a housekeeping role in the safe recycling of genetic material within tissues. |
| Glutaminase | GLS; EC 3.5.1.2 | Enzyme (Hydrolase) | Miso | Glycine max | Fermented Bean | — | Moderate | Converts glutamine to glutamate; releases flavour-active amino acids in fermented plant foods and produces glutamate as fuel for rapidly dividing immune and gut cells. |
| Alpha-Mannosidase | EC 3.2.1.24 | Enzyme (Hydrolase) | Jack Bean | Canavalia ensiformis | Seed | — | Moderate | Removes mannose residues from glycoproteins during their maturation; essential for the correct folding and quality control of secreted proteins. |
| Beta-Mannosidase | EC 3.2.1.25 | Enzyme (Hydrolase) | Guar Bean | Cyamopsis tetragonoloba | Seed | — | Moderate | Hydrolyses terminal mannose residues from galactomannans; studied for its contribution to fiber digestion and healthy blood cholesterol management. |
| Leucine Aminopeptidase | LAP; EC 3.4.11.1 | Enzyme (Hydrolase) | Barley | Hordeum vulgare | Grain | — | Moderate | Cleaves N-terminal amino acids from peptide chains; supports the final stages of protein digestion for maximum nutrient absorption. |
| Carboxypeptidase | EC 3.4.17 (class) | Enzyme (Hydrolase) | Soybean | Glycine max | Seed | — | Moderate | Removes amino acids from the C-terminus of peptides; assists in the complete breakdown of dietary protein into absorbable amino acids. |
| Aminopeptidase | EC 3.4.11 (class) | Enzyme (Hydrolase) | Cereal Grains | Various | Germ | — | Moderate | Cleaves single amino acids from the N-terminus of peptide chains, completing the digestion of dietary proteins for direct absorption. |
| Adenosine Deaminase | ADA; EC 3.5.4.4 | Enzyme (Hydrolase) | Potato | Solanum tuberosum | Tuber | — | Moderate | Catalyses the deamination of adenosine in the purine salvage pathway; a critical enzyme for normal T-cell immune function and healthy cellular communication. |
| Glucokinase | Hexokinase IV; EC 2.7.1.2 | Enzyme (Transferase) | Rice | Oryza sativa | Grain | — | Moderate | Functions as a hepatic glucose sensor that helps regulate insulin secretion; studied for its central role in maintaining healthy post-meal blood sugar balance. |
| VITAMIN C | ||||||||
| Vitamin C | Ascorbic acid; L-Ascorbic acid; E300 | Vitamins (Vitamin C) | Rose Hips | Rosa canina | Fruit | 50-81-7 | High | A well-validated water-soluble antioxidant essential for normal immune function, collagen synthesis, and iron absorption from plant foods. |
| PROVITAMIN A CAROTENOIDS | ||||||||
| Beta-carotene | Provitamin A; beta,beta-Carotene | Vitamins (Provitamin A Carotenoid) | Carrot | Daucus carota | Root | 7235-40-7 | High | A provitamin A carotenoid converted by the body to retinol as needed; supports healthy vision, normal immune function, and skin integrity. |
| Alpha-carotene | alpha,beta-Carotene | Vitamins (Provitamin A Carotenoid) | Pumpkin | Cucurbita maxima | Fruit | 7488-99-5 | Moderate | A provitamin A carotenoid with roughly half the conversion efficiency of beta-carotene; may contribute to healthy cell growth and immune defence. |
| Beta-cryptoxanthin | beta-Cryptoxanthin; Cryptoxanthin | Vitamins (Provitamin A Carotenoid) | Papaya | Carica papaya | Fruit | 472-70-8 | Moderate | A xanthophyll provitamin A that may be specifically supportive of lung and respiratory cell health, in addition to general vitamin A functions. |
| CAROTENOIDS — NON-PROVITAMIN A | ||||||||
| Lutein | Xanthophyll; E161b | Vitamins (Carotenoid) | Kale | Brassica oleracea | Leaves | 127-40-2 | High | Accumulates in the macular pigment of the eye; well-supported for reducing the risk of age-related macular degeneration and protecting against blue light stress. |
| Zeaxanthin | (3R,3'R)-Zeaxanthin; E161h | Vitamins (Carotenoid) | Sweet Corn | Zea mays | Grains | 144-68-3 | High | A macular pigment carotenoid that may improve visual sharpness and help protect the retina from UV-induced oxidative damage. |
| Lycopene | Psi,psi-Carotene; E160d | Vitamins (Carotenoid) | Tomato | Solanum lycopersicum | Fruit | 502-65-8 | High | A well-studied antioxidant carotenoid associated with cardiovascular health and potential skin photoprotection when consumed regularly as part of a varied diet. |
| Phytoene | 7,8,11,12,7',8'-Hexahydro-lycopene | Vitamins (Carotenoid) | White Tomato | Solanum lycopersicum | Fruit | 542-42-7 | Moderate | A colourless carotenoid that may absorb UV light at the cellular level and contribute to overall skin antioxidant status. |
| Phytofluene | Phytofluene; 7,8-Dihydro-zeta-carotene | Vitamins (Carotenoid) | Tomato | Solanum lycopersicum | Fruit | 554-84-7 | Emerging | A colourless carotenoid studied in early-stage research for its potential role in complementing the photoprotective and antioxidant effects of other carotenoids. |
| Astaxanthin | (3S,3'S)-Astaxanthin; Haematococcus Extract | Vitamins (Carotenoid) | Algae | Haematococcus pluvialis | Whole Cell | 472-61-7 | High | A ketocarotenoid with exceptionally potent antioxidant activity; may support eye health, skin photoprotection, and exercise recovery when consumed regularly. |
| Fucoxanthin | (3S,5R,6S,3'S,5'R)-Fucoxanthin | Vitamins (Carotenoid) | Kelp | Undaria pinnatifida | Whole Plant | 3351-86-8 | Moderate | A marine carotenoid found in edible seaweeds; may support healthy metabolic rate and contribute to weight management when consumed as part of a balanced diet. |
| Capsanthin | (3R,3'S,5'R)-Capsanthin | Vitamins (Carotenoid) | Red Pepper | Capsicum annuum | Fruit | 465-42-9 | Moderate | A xanthophyll carotenoid unique to Capsicum; studied for its potential to contribute to a healthy lipid profile and support eye function. |
| Neoxanthin | (3S,5R,6R,3'S,5'R,6'S)-Neoxanthin | Vitamins (Carotenoid) | Spinach | Spinacia oleracea | Leaves | 14646-79-8 | Moderate | A minor dietary xanthophyll studied for its potential antioxidant and metabolic balance-supporting properties. |
| Violaxanthin | Zeaxanthin diepoxide | Vitamins (Carotenoid) | Yellow Pepper | Capsicum annuum | Fruit | 126-29-4 | Moderate | A plant xanthophyll studied for its antioxidant potential and contribution to the diverse carotenoid intake from colourful vegetables. |
| VITAMIN E — TOCOPHEROLS | ||||||||
| Alpha-tocopherol | RRR-alpha-Tocopherol; Vitamin E; E307 | Vitamins (Vitamin E / Tocopherol) | Wheat Germ | Triticum aestivum | Germ | 59-02-9 | High | The most biologically active form of Vitamin E; protects cell membranes from oxidative damage and supports normal immune function. |
| Gamma-tocopherol | gamma-Tocopherol | Vitamins (Vitamin E / Tocopherol) | Walnut | Juglans regia | Nut Kernel | 54-28-4 | Moderate | May provide complementary anti-inflammatory protection to alpha-tocopherol; studied for its ability to neutralise reactive nitrogen species in tissues. |
| Delta-tocopherol | delta-Tocopherol | Vitamins (Vitamin E / Tocopherol) | Soybean Oil | Glycine max | Seed Oil | 119-13-1 | Moderate | A potent antioxidant tocopherol isomer studied for its potential contribution to maintaining the stability of cell membrane lipids. |
| Beta-tocopherol | beta-Tocopherol | Vitamins (Vitamin E / Tocopherol) | Various Grains | N/A | Seed | 16698-35-4 | Moderate | A minor tocopherol isomer that may contribute to the overall protective antioxidant activity of mixed Vitamin E complexes. |
| VITAMIN E — TOCOTRIENOLS | ||||||||
| Alpha-tocotrienol | alpha-T3 | Vitamins (Vitamin E / Tocotrienol) | Palm Fruit | Elaeis guineensis | Fruit | 58864-81-6 | Moderate | A tocotrienol form of Vitamin E with greater membrane mobility than tocopherols; studied for its potential neuroprotective and cardioprotective properties. |
| Gamma-tocotrienol | gamma-T3 | Vitamins (Vitamin E / Tocotrienol) | Rice Bran | Oryza sativa | Bran | 14101-61-2 | Moderate | Studied for its potential to support healthy cholesterol levels and provide antioxidant protection to cardiovascular tissues. |
| Delta-tocotrienol | delta-T3 | Vitamins (Vitamin E / Tocotrienol) | Annatto Seeds | Bixa orellana | Seed | 25612-59-3 | Moderate | The predominant tocotrienol in annatto; studied for its potential contributions to long-term heart health and cellular antioxidant protection. |
| VITAMIN K | ||||||||
| Vitamin K1 | Phylloquinone; Phytonadione; K1 | Vitamins (Vitamin K) | Spinach | Spinacia oleracea | Leaves | 84-80-0 | High | The primary dietary form of Vitamin K from plants; essential for normal blood coagulation and for directing calcium to bones rather than soft tissues. |
| VITAMIN D | ||||||||
| Vitamin D2 | Ergocalciferol; Calciferol; E1141 | Vitamins (Vitamin D) | UV-Exposed Mushroom | Agaricus bisporus | Fruiting Body | 50-14-6 | High | A plant-derived form of Vitamin D produced when mushrooms are exposed to UV light; may support bone mineralisation and healthy immune function, though D3 conversion efficiency is lower than solar D3. |
| B VITAMINS | ||||||||
| Vitamin B1 | Thiamine; Aneurine | Vitamins (Vitamin B) | Sunflower Seeds | Helianthus annuus | Seed | 59-43-8 | High | Essential for converting dietary carbohydrates into cellular energy; supports normal nerve function and healthy heart muscle activity. |
| Vitamin B2 | Riboflavin; Lactoflavin; E101 | Vitamins (Vitamin B) | Almonds | Prunus dulcis | Nut Kernel | 83-88-5 | High | Required for energy production from fats, proteins, and carbohydrates; supports healthy skin integrity and normal eye function. |
| Vitamin B3 | Niacin; Nicotinic acid; Nicotinamide | Vitamins (Vitamin B) | Peanuts | Arachis hypogaea | Seed | 59-67-6 | High | A precursor to NAD and NADP coenzymes central to energy metabolism; supports healthy DNA repair, normal skin function, and healthy circulation. |
| Vitamin B5 | Pantothenic acid; Pantothenate | Vitamins (Vitamin B) | Avocado | Persea americana | Fruit | 79-83-4 | High | Required for the synthesis of coenzyme A; supports the body's normal response to stress and healthy energy metabolism from all macronutrients. |
| Vitamin B6 | Pyridoxine; Pyridoxal; Pyridoxamine | Vitamins (Vitamin B) | Chickpeas | Cicer arietinum | Seed | 65-23-6 | High | Essential for over 100 enzyme reactions including amino acid metabolism and neurotransmitter synthesis; supports normal mood regulation, cognitive function, and haemoglobin production. |
| Vitamin B7 | Biotin; Vitamin H | Vitamins (Vitamin B) | Soybeans | Glycine max | Seed | 58-85-5 | High | A coenzyme for carboxylase enzymes involved in fatty acid synthesis and gluconeogenesis; supports normal macronutrient metabolism, and healthy hair and nail growth. |
| Vitamin B9 | Folate; Folic acid; Pteroylglutamic acid | Vitamins (Vitamin B) | Lentils | Lens culinaris | Seed | 59-30-3 | High | Essential for one-carbon metabolism, normal DNA synthesis, and healthy cell division; critical during early pregnancy for normal foetal neural tube development. |
| Vitamin B12 (Corrinoid Analog) | Pseudovitamin B12; Cobalamin analog | Vitamins (Vitamin B) | Nori | Porphyra spp. | Fronds | — | Emerging | The B12-like corrinoid compounds found in nori have contested bioactivity; current evidence suggests they may not function as true cobalamin and could potentially compete with active B12 for absorption. Not considered a reliable B12 source for those on plant-based diets. |
| ESTABLISHED VITAMIN-LIKE FACTORS | ||||||||
| PQQ | Pyrroloquinoline quinone; Methoxatin; BioPQQ | Vitamin-like Factor | Green Pepper | Capsicum annuum | Fruit | 72909-34-3 | Moderate | A redox-active cofactor studied for its potential to support mitochondrial biogenesis and contribute to mental clarity and focus when consumed as part of a healthy diet. |
| Choline | (2-Hydroxyethyl)trimethylammonium; Bilineurine | Vitamin-like Factor | Wheat Germ | Triticum aestivum | Germ | 62-49-7 | High | An essential nutrient required for the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine and acetylcholine; critical for normal liver function, healthy brain development, and cognitive performance. |
| Betaine | Trimethylglycine; TMG; Glycine betaine | Vitamin-like Factor | Sugar Beet | Beta vulgaris | Root | 107-43-7 | High | An osmolyte and methyl donor that may support healthy liver function and contribute to normal homocysteine balance, a key cardiovascular health marker. |
| Quinic Acid | 1L-1(OH),3,4/5-Tetrahydroxycyclohexane-carboxylic acid | Vitamin-like Factor | Cranberry | Vaccinium macrocarpon | Fruit | 77-95-2 | Moderate | A plant acid that may support urinary tract health by contributing to hippuric acid production; also plays a role in the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids in plants. |
| Solanesol | All-trans-Solanesol; C45 isoprenyl alcohol | Vitamin-like Factor | Potato Leaves | Solanum tuberosum | Leaves | 13190-97-1 | Moderate | A long-chain isoprenyl alcohol found in Solanaceae plants; studied as a biosynthetic precursor to coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) and Vitamins E and K in certain organisms. |
| ANTHOCYANINS (NOTE: SECONDARY METABOLITES — TO BE MIGRATED TO SECONDARY TABLE) | ||||||||
| Anthocyanin — Cyanidin | Cyanidin; Cyanidin chloride | Phytochemical (Anthocyanin) | Blackberry | Rubus fruticosus | Fruit | 528-58-5 | Moderate | A red-blue anthocyanin pigment studied for its potential to support vascular health and contribute to normal circulation when consumed as part of a fruit-rich diet. |
| Anthocyanin — Delphinidin | Delphinidin | Phytochemical (Anthocyanin) | Blueberry | Vaccinium corymbosum | Fruit | 528-53-0 | Moderate | A blue-purple anthocyanin studied for its potential contribution to healthy cognitive aging and protection of the eyes from oxidative fatigue. |
| Anthocyanin — Pelargonidin | Pelargonidin | Phytochemical (Anthocyanin) | Strawberry | Fragaria ananassa | Fruit | 134-04-3 | Moderate | An orange-red anthocyanin pigment studied for its potential anti-inflammatory effects with possible relevance to joint and skin health. |
| Anthocyanin — Peonidin | Peonidin | Phytochemical (Anthocyanin) | Purple Sweet Potato | Ipomoea batatas | Tuber | 134-01-0 | Moderate | A red anthocyanin studied for its potential to support the body's antioxidant defence and contribute to a healthy inflammatory response. |
| Anthocyanin — Malvidin | Malvidin | Phytochemical (Anthocyanin) | Red Grapes | Vitis vinifera | Fruit Peel | 643-84-5 | Moderate | A blue-red anthocyanin studied for its potential contribution to heart health by supporting normal arterial function and reducing oxidative stress. |
| FLAVONOLS & FLAVONES (NOTE: SECONDARY METABOLITES — TO BE MIGRATED TO SECONDARY TABLE) | ||||||||
| Quercetin | 3,3',4',5,7-Pentahydroxyflavone; Sophoretin | Phytochemical (Flavonol) | Red Onion | Allium cepa | Bulb | 117-39-5 | Moderate | A widely studied dietary flavonol studied for its potential to support normal immune function and contribute to antioxidant defence; some evidence for synergy with Vitamin C. |
| Rutin | Quercetin-3-rutinoside; Rutoside; E303 | Phytochemical (Flavonol) | Buckwheat | Fagopyrum esculentum | Leaves | 153-18-4 | Moderate | The glycosylated form of quercetin; studied for its potential to support the structural integrity of capillaries and contribute to healthy circulation. |
| Kaempferol | 3,5,7,4'-Tetrahydroxyflavone | Phytochemical (Flavonol) | Broccoli | Brassica oleracea | Florets | 520-18-3 | Moderate | A plant flavonol studied for its potential anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties; may contribute to cardiovascular protection when consumed regularly in plant-rich diets. |
| Apigenin | 4',5,7-Trihydroxyflavone; Chamomile Flavone | Phytochemical (Flavone) | Parsley | Petroselinum crispum | Leaves | 520-36-5 | Moderate | A flavone studied for its potential to support healthy nervous system function and contribute to a calm physiological state; moderate evidence from in vitro and animal models. |
| Hesperidin | Hesperetin-7-rutinoside; Vitamin P component | Phytochemical (Flavanone Glycoside) | Orange | Citrus sinensis | Fruit Peel | 520-26-3 | Moderate | A citrus flavanone glycoside studied for its potential to support normal inflammatory balance and contribute to cardiovascular health. |
| Naringenin | 4',5,7-Trihydroxyflavanone; Citrus Flavanone | Phytochemical (Flavanone) | Grapefruit | Citrus paradisi | Fruit | 480-41-1 | Moderate | A citrus flavanone studied for its potential to improve insulin sensitivity and contribute to healthy weight and metabolic balance. |
| Eriodictyol | 3',4',5,7-Tetrahydroxyflavanone | Phytochemical (Flavanone) | Lemon | Citrus limon | Fruit | 552-58-9 | Moderate | A citrus flavanone studied for its potential antioxidant and mild anti-inflammatory properties, with emerging interest in respiratory health applications. |
| ISOFLAVONES (NOTE: SECONDARY METABOLITES — TO BE MIGRATED TO SECONDARY TABLE) | ||||||||
| Genistein | 5,7,4'-Trihydroxyisoflavone; Soy Isoflavone | Phytochemical (Isoflavone) | Soybean | Glycine max | Seed | 446-72-0 | Moderate | A phytoestrogenic isoflavone studied for its potential to support hormonal balance and bone density, particularly relevant to menopausal health. Evidence is mixed and context-dependent. |
| Daidzein | 7,4'-Dihydroxyisoflavone; Soy Isoflavone | Phytochemical (Isoflavone) | Soybean | Glycine max | Seed | 486-66-8 | Moderate | A phytoestrogenic isoflavone studied for its potential cardiovascular and antioxidant properties; bioactivity varies significantly between individuals based on gut microbiome composition. |
| STILBENES (NOTE: SECONDARY METABOLITES — TO BE MIGRATED TO SECONDARY TABLE) | ||||||||
| Resveratrol | Trans-resveratrol; 3,5,4'-Trihydroxystilbene | Phytochemical (Stilbene) | Red Grapes | Vitis vinifera | Fruit Skin | 501-36-0 | Moderate | A polyphenolic stilbene studied for potential activation of sirtuin longevity pathways and cardiovascular protection; human bioavailability is limited and evidence is still emerging. |
| FLAVAN-3-OLS (NOTE: SECONDARY METABOLITES — TO BE MIGRATED TO SECONDARY TABLE) | ||||||||
| Catechin | (+)-Catechin; Catechinic acid | Phytochemical (Flavan-3-ol) | Green Tea | Camellia sinensis | Leaves | 154-23-4 | Moderate | A flavan-3-ol studied for its potential to contribute to metabolic health and antioxidant protection of brain cells when consumed regularly as green tea. |
| Epicatechin | (-)-Epicatechin; EC | Phytochemical (Flavan-3-ol) | Cocoa | Theobroma cacao | Bean | 490-46-0 | Moderate | A flavan-3-ol studied for its potential to support healthy blood flow and vascular function; may contribute to normal muscle function and recovery. |
| EGCG | Epigallocatechin gallate; EGCg; Tea Catechin | Phytochemical (Flavan-3-ol) | Green Tea | Camellia sinensis | Leaves | 989-51-5 | Moderate | The most abundant and studied catechin in green tea; studied for its potential to support metabolic health, immune function, and antioxidant defence. Evidence from human trials is moderate. |
| OTHER BIOACTIVE PHYTOCHEMICALS (NOTE: SECONDARY METABOLITES — TO BE MIGRATED TO SECONDARY TABLE) | ||||||||
| Curcumin | Diferuloylmethane; Turmeric Yellow; E100 | Phytochemical (Diarylheptanoid) | Turmeric | Curcuma longa | Rhizome | 458-37-7 | Moderate | A polyphenolic diarylheptanoid studied for its potential to support normal inflammatory balance; poor oral bioavailability limits effects without formulation enhancement such as piperine or lipid delivery. |
| Sulforaphane | 1-Isothiocyanato-4-(methylsulfinyl)butane; SF | Phytochemical (Isothiocyanate) | Broccoli | Brassica oleracea | Sprouts | 4478-93-7 | Moderate | An isothiocyanate produced from glucoraphanin by myrosinase; studied for its potential to activate Nrf2 detoxification pathways. Requires fresh or lightly cooked broccoli for maximum yield. |
| Allicin | Diallyl thiosulfinate; Allicin | Phytochemical (Organosulfur) | Garlic | Allium sativum | Bulb | 539-86-6 | Moderate | An organosulfur compound formed from alliin by alliinase when garlic is crushed; studied for its potential antimicrobial and cardiovascular-supportive properties. Unstable — activity diminishes rapidly with cooking. |
| Capsaicin | 8-Methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide; Capsaicin | Phytochemical (Capsaicinoid) | Chili Pepper | Capsicum frutescens | Fruit | 404-86-4 | Moderate | A vanilloid compound that binds TRPV1 receptors; studied for its potential to support energy expenditure and as a topical analgesic agent for localised pain management. |
| MACROMINERALS | ||||||||
| Calcium | Ca; Calcium ion; E170 | Minerals (Macromineral) | Collard Greens | Brassica oleracea | Leaves | 7440-70-2 | High | The most abundant mineral in the human body; essential for structural bone and tooth health, normal muscle contraction, and healthy nerve signal transmission. |
| Magnesium | Mg; Magnesium ion | Minerals (Macromineral) | Pumpkin Seeds | Cucurbita pepo | Seed | 7439-95-4 | High | A cofactor for over 300 enzymatic reactions; supports normal muscle and nerve function, healthy blood glucose regulation, and bone mineralisation. |
| Potassium | K; Potassium ion | Minerals (Macromineral) | Banana | Musa acuminata | Fruit | 7440-09-7 | High | The primary intracellular cation; essential for maintaining normal fluid balance, healthy blood pressure, and proper electrical activity in muscle and nerve cells. |
| Phosphorus | P; Phosphate ion | Minerals (Macromineral) | Oats | Avena sativa | Grains | 7723-14-0 | High | Required by every cell for energy metabolism (ATP), DNA and RNA synthesis, and structural bone and tooth mineralisation in conjunction with calcium. |
| Sulfur | S; Organic sulfur | Minerals (Macromineral) | Garlic | Allium sativum | Bulb | 7704-34-9 | High | An essential component of the amino acids methionine and cysteine; required for the synthesis of glutathione, the body's primary endogenous antioxidant. |
| Sodium | Na; Sodium ion | Minerals (Macromineral) | Celery | Apium graveolens | Stalk | 7440-23-5 | High | The primary extracellular cation; essential for maintaining normal fluid balance, blood pressure regulation, and healthy nerve and muscle electrical function. |
| Chloride | Cl-; Chloride ion | Minerals (Macromineral) | Tomato | Solanum lycopersicum | Fruit | 16887-00-6 | High | The primary extracellular anion; essential for maintaining acid-base balance and a component of hydrochloric acid required for normal gastric digestion. |
| TRACE MINERALS | ||||||||
| Iron | Fe; Non-heme iron; Ferrous iron | Minerals (Trace Mineral) | Spinach | Spinacia oleracea | Leaves | 7439-89-6 | High | A core component of haemoglobin and myoglobin; essential for normal oxygen transport throughout the body and healthy energy metabolism. Plant-source non-heme iron absorption is enhanced by Vitamin C. |
| Zinc | Zn; Zinc ion | Minerals (Trace Mineral) | Pumpkin Seeds | Cucurbita pepo | Seed | 7440-66-6 | High | A cofactor for over 300 enzymes; supports normal immune function, healthy wound healing, DNA synthesis, and the senses of taste and smell. |
| Copper | Cu; Cupric ion | Minerals (Trace Mineral) | Cashews | Anacardium occidentale | Nut Kernel | 7440-50-8 | High | A cofactor for enzymes involved in iron metabolism, antioxidant defence (SOD), and connective tissue formation; supports healthy energy production and cardiovascular function. |
| Manganese | Mn; Manganese ion | Minerals (Trace Mineral) | Hazelnuts | Corylus avellana | Nut Kernel | 7439-96-5 | High | A cofactor for manganese superoxide dismutase and enzymes involved in bone formation; supports normal carbohydrate and fat metabolism. |
| Selenium | Se; Selenium ion | Minerals (Trace Mineral) | Brazil Nut | Bertholletia excelsa | Nut Kernel | 7782-49-2 | High | An essential component of glutathione peroxidase and other selenoproteins; supports normal thyroid hormone metabolism and antioxidant protection of cells. |
| Chromium | Cr; Trivalent chromium; Cr3+ | Minerals (Trace Mineral) | Broccoli | Brassica oleracea | Florets | 7440-47-3 | Moderate | May enhance the action of insulin in supporting normal blood glucose uptake; studied for its role in healthy carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. |
| Iodine | I; Iodide ion | Minerals (Trace Mineral) | Kelp | Macrocystis pyrifera | Whole Plant | 7553-56-2 | High | An essential component of the thyroid hormones T3 and T4; required for normal metabolic rate, healthy growth, and neurological development. |
| Molybdenum | Mo; Molybdenum ion | Minerals (Trace Mineral) | Lentils | Lens culinaris | Seed | 7439-98-7 | High | A cofactor for several enzymes including xanthine oxidase and sulfite oxidase; essential for normal purine catabolism and sulfur amino acid metabolism. |
| Silicon | Si; Soluble silica; Orthosilicic acid | Minerals (Trace Mineral) | Horsetail | Equisetum arvense | Stems | 7440-21-3 | Moderate | Studied for its potential role in supporting collagen synthesis and normal bone and connective tissue formation; may contribute to healthy hair and nail strength. |
| Boron | B; Borate | Minerals (Trace Mineral) | Avocado | Persea americana | Fruit | 7440-42-8 | Moderate | Studied for its potential to support normal bone metabolism by influencing the utilisation of calcium, magnesium, and Vitamin D; may contribute to healthy hormonal balance. |
| Vanadium | V; Vanadyl ion; VOSO4 | Minerals (Trace Mineral) | Dill | Anethum graveolens | Leaves | 7440-62-2 | Emerging | A trace element studied in early-stage research for its potential to mimic insulin signalling and support healthy bone mineral density; human evidence remains limited. |
| Nickel | Ni; Nickel ion | Minerals (Trace Mineral) | Buckwheat | Fagopyrum esculentum | Seed | 7440-02-0 | Emerging | A trace element found in some urease and hydrogenase enzymes; studied for its minor role in gut microbiome metabolism. High dietary intake may cause sensitivity in some individuals. |
| Lithium | Li; Lithium ion | Minerals (Trace Mineral) | Cabbage | Brassica oleracea | Leaves | 7439-93-2 | Emerging | Present in trace amounts in many plant foods; studied for its potential role in neuroprotection and emotional resilience at physiological dietary levels. Pharmacological doses are used clinically under medical supervision. |
| Germanium | Ge; Organic germanium | Minerals (Trace Mineral) | Ginseng | Panax ginseng | Root | 7440-56-4 | Emerging | An ultra-trace element found in some medicinal plants; studied in early-stage research for potential immunomodulatory properties. Evidence in humans is very limited. |
| Strontium | Sr; Strontium ion | Minerals (Trace Mineral) | Wheat Bran | Triticum aestivum | Outer Layer | 7440-24-6 | Moderate | A trace element chemically similar to calcium; studied for its potential to support bone mineral density and skeletal tissue repair at physiological intake levels. |
| Cobalt | Co; Cobalt ion | Minerals (Trace Mineral) | Peas | Pisum sativum | Seed | 7440-48-4 | High | An essential component of Vitamin B12 (cobalamin); dietary cobalt supports the enzymatic functions of B12 in red blood cell formation and neurological health. |
| Fluoride | F-; Fluoride ion | Minerals (Trace Mineral) | Green Tea | Camellia sinensis | Leaves | 16984-48-8 | High | Naturally present in plant foods and drinking water; supports the remineralisation of tooth enamel and may help prevent dental caries at appropriate intake levels. |
| Rubidium | Rb; Rubidium ion | Minerals (Trace Mineral) | Coffee Bean | Coffea arabica | Bean | 7440-17-7 | Emerging | An ultra-trace element that may interact with potassium transport systems; studied in early-stage research for potential contributions to healthy cardiovascular electrical function. |
| Cesium | Cs; Caesium ion | Minerals (Trace Mineral) | Spinach | Spinacia oleracea | Leaves | 7440-46-2 | Emerging | An ultra-trace element present in very small quantities in plant foods; studied for its interaction with potassium channels at physiological trace levels. Not to be confused with pharmacological cesium applications. |
| MINERAL FACTORS | ||||||||
| Ferritin | Plant Ferritin; Phytoferritin | Mineral Factor (Iron Storage Protein) | Soybean | Glycine max | Seed | 9007-73-2 | Moderate | The iron-storage protein found in plant seeds; studied as a potentially more stomach-friendly form of plant-derived iron with moderate bioavailability. |
| Inositol Hexaphosphate | IP6; Phytic acid; InsP6; E391 | Mineral Factor (Phosphate Ester) | Rice Bran | Oryza sativa | Bran | 83-86-3 | Moderate | A naturally occurring phosphorylated inositol studied for its potential antioxidant properties and ability to chelate iron in the gut; context-dependent effects on mineral absorption and cellular signalling. |